Visualization and measurement of turbulent flow inside a SEN and off the ports
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31349/RevMexFis.67.040601Keywords:
Visualization technique, Particle Imaging Velocimetry, turbulent flow, Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics, Computational Fluid DynamicsAbstract
This work describes a visualization technique that allows to register and analyze flow inside a Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN) model. The internal flow has a swirling pattern that produces characteristic flow conditions that can be used in efficiently supplying liquid steel from the tundish to the mold in the continuous casting process. The visualization method is a first step in analyzing the characteristics of the internal flow and hence in designing new SENs. A LED light source is employed to illuminate the SEN which reduces the reflections in the images. To enhance visualizations and measurements, a transparent cell consisting of a cubic volume with reduced dimensions was used to capture images from the high-speed camera and to record the flow pattern within the SEN. The SEN model consists of a vertical, constant diameter tube with two rounded exit ports located at the bottom with a downward angle of 15° each. The working fluid is water and reaches Re=10,000 within the cell. We also use the laser illuminated Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) to calculate the velocity of fluid within the SEN and close to the exit ports. We confirm previously reported formation of three vortexes that interact with each other altering the swirl motion of the exit flow. Experimental results were compared with numerical simulations. The comparisons contribute to the validation of findings of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) results. Qualitative and quantitative similarities were found. Both physical and numerical results display a high turbulent flow behavior at the lower zone of the SEN. Experimental and numerical methods may be used together as a development method to measure and evaluate the characteristics of the flow behavior inside and outside the SEN model in order to design a better SEN to increase the quality of the steel slab.
References
Zhong, H., et al., A Thermal Simulation Method for Solidification Process of Steel Slab in Continuous Casting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016. 47(5): p. 2963-2970.
Zhang, H. and W. Wang, Mold Simulator Study of the Initial Solidification of Molten Steel in Continuous Casting Mold: Part II. Effects of Mold Oscillation and Mold Level Fluctuation. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016. 47(2): p. 920-931.
Santos, P.L., et al., Bubble behavior in the slab continuous casting mold: Physical and mathematical model. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020. 9(3): p. 4717-4726.
Gonzalez-Trejo, J., et al., Hydrodynamic Analysis of the Flow inside the Submerged Entry Nozzle. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2020. 2020: p. 1-14.
Timmel, K., et al. Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Fluid Flow Processes in Continuous Casting: Results from the LIMMCAST-Project. in Final LIMTECH Colloquium and International Symposium on Liquid Metal Technologies, LIMTECH 2017. 2017. Institute of Physics Publishing.
He, M., et al., Physical and Numerical Simulation of the Fluid Flow and Temperature Distribution in Bloom Continuous Casting Mold. steel research international, 2017. 88(9).
Gonzalez-Trejo, J., et al., Numerical and Physical Parametric Analysis of a SEN with Flow Conditioners in Slab Continuous Casting Mold. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 2017. 62(2): p. 927-946.
Fang, Q., et al., The Effects of a Submerged Entry Nozzle on Flow and Initial Solidification in a Continuous Casting Bloom Mold with Electromagnetic Stirring. Metals, 2017. 7(4).
Liu, Z., Z. Sun, and B. Li, Modeling of Quasi-Four-Phase Flow in Continuous Casting Mold Using Hybrid Eulerian and Lagrangian Approach. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016. 48(2): p. 1248-1267.
Pirker, S., D. Kahrimanovic, and S. Schneiderbauer, Secondary Vortex Formation in Bifurcated Submerged Entry Nozzles: Numerical Simulation of Gas Bubble Entrapment. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2014. 46(2): p. 953-960.
Liu, Z.-q., et al., Modeling of Transient Two-Phase Flow in a Continuous Casting Mold Using Euler-Euler Large Eddy Simulation Scheme. ISIJ International, 2013. 53(3): p. 484-492.
Liu, Z., B. Li, and M. Jiang, Transient Asymmetric Flow and Bubble Transport Inside a Slab Continuous-Casting Mold. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2013. 45(2): p. 675-697.
Gabbasov R., et al., Evaluation of GPUSPH Code for Simulations of Fluid Injection Through Submerged Entry Nozzle. Supercomputing. ISUM 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science,, 2019. 1151.
Jin, K., S.P. Vanka, and B.G. Thomas, Large Eddy Simulations of the Effects of EMBr and SEN Submergence Depth on Turbulent Flow in the Mold Region of a Steel Caster. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016. 48(1): p. 162-178.
Cho, S.-M., B.G. Thomas, and S.-H. Kim, Transient Two-Phase Flow in Slide-Gate Nozzle and Mold of Continuous Steel Slab Casting with and without Double-Ruler Electro-Magnetic Braking. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016. 47(5): p. 3080-3098.
Real, C., et al., Transient internal flow characterization of a bifurcated submerged entry nozzle. ISIJ International, 2006. 46(8): p. 1183.
Zhang, X.-W., et al., Comparison of Standard k-ε Model and RSM on Three Dimensional Turbulent Flow in the SEN of Slab Continuous Caster Controlled by Slide Gate. ISIJ International, 2011. 51(4): p. 581-587.
Liu, Z., B. Li, and F. Tsukihashi, Instability and Periodicity of Asymmetrical Flow in a Funnel Thin Slab Continuous Casting Mold. ISIJ International, 2015. 55(4): p. 805-813.
Neumann, S., et al., Influencing Parameter Study on Primary Breakup of Free Falling Steel Melt Jets Using Volume of Fluid Simulation. steel research international, 2016. 87(8): p. 1002-1013.
Zhao, P., et al., LBM-LES Simulation of the Transient Asymmetric Flow and Free Surface Fluctuations under Steady Operating Conditions of Slab Continuous Casting Process. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2016. 48(1): p. 456-470.
Kratzsch, C., A. Asad, and R. Schwarze. Comparison of different methods to model transient turbulent magnetohydrodynamic flow in continuous casting molds. in International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing and Casting 2015, LMPC 2015. 2016. Institute of Physics Publishing.
Kalter, R., et al., Effects of electromagnetic forcing on self-sustained jet oscillations. Physics of Fluids, 2014. 26(6).
Asad, A., C. Kratzsch, and R. Schwarze, Numerical Investigation of the Free Surface in a Model Mold. steel research international, 2016. 87(2): p. 181-190.
Kalter, R., et al., Aspect Ratio Effects on Fluid Flow Fluctuations in Rectangular Cavities. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2014. 45(6): p. 2186-2193.
Liu, Z. and B. Li, Large-Eddy Simulation of Transient Horizontal Gas–Liquid Flow in Continuous Casting Using Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2017. 48(3): p. 1833-1849.
Dynamics, D., DynamicStudio Users Guide v3.40, in Dynamic Studio, D. Dynamics, Editor. 2013, Dantec Dynamics: Skovlunde, Denmark. p. 660.
Hunt, J.C.R., A.A. Wray, and P. Moin, Eddies, streams, and convergence zones in turbulent flows, in Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases, 2. Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program 1998, NASA NTRS.
Chong, M.S., A.E. Perry, and B.J. Cantwell, A general classification of three‐dimensional flow fields. Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics, 1990. 2(5): p. 765-777.
Shukla, A.K. and A. Dewan, OpenFOAM based LES of slot jet impingement heat transfer at low nozzle to plate spacing using four SGS models. Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018. 55(3): p. 911-931.
Rustico, E., et al., Advances in Multi-GPU Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2014. 25(1): p. 43-52.
Research, V., Phantom Help File, V.R.-A.A. Company, Editor. 2011, Phantom.
Ltd, L.L., Litron Pulsed Laser Control Software, L. Lasers, Editor. 2014: United Kingdom. p. 18.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Cesar Augusto Real-Ramirez, Ignacio Carvajal-Mariscal, Florencio Sanchez-Silva, Francisco Cervantes-de la Torre, Jose Raul Miranda-Tello, Ruslan Gabbasov, Jesus Isidro Gonzalez-Trejo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the Revista Mexicana de Física right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
