Design of a 1 ampere high-precision thin-film resistive current transducer with negligible frequency dependence from DC to 100 KHz
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31349/RevMexFis.66.589Keywords:
Resistive current sensor, linear wideband response, current to voltage transducer, continuous current monitoring.Abstract
Currently, non-linear loads are found virtually anywhere with the promise of high electrical efficiency. Examples of this type of non-linear loads are compact fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diode lamps which can now be found in any home. However, they produce highly distorted currents that pollute the power grid and cause stability problems, and making the measurement of the distorted electrical current a non-trivial issue. For the reliable measurement of distorted waveforms within a wide bandwidth, magnetic current transducers present disadvantages over resistive current transducers, such as those caused by the magnetic material which attenuates the high-frequency components while producing heating on the magnetic material. This research presents the design principles to develop a thin-film wideband current transducer. Principles such as the selection of high-purity materials, high-symmetry coaxial design, size, geometry, and aspect ratios were used to obtain a linear relationship between its input and output, i.e.: a flat frequency response from DC to 100 kHz, and the ability to operate continuously with a custom passive thermal system for heat dissipation and reliable measurement. An exhaustive effort has been made on the refinement of the design aimed at understanding the effects that govern the frequency behavior of the transducer and the ways to compensate them. The manufacturing feasibility of the proposed design is well confirmed by the results obtained from the simulation process.References
Emmanuel Gómez-Ramírez; L. A. Maeda-Nunez; Luis C. Álvarez-Simón; F. G. Flores-García, A Highly Robust Interface Circuit for Resistive Sensors. Electronics 2019, 8, 263, 1–12; doi: 10.3390/electronics8030263
Kuan Chuang Koay; Pak Kwong Chan, A Low-Power Resistance-to-Frequency Converter Circuit With Wide Frequency Range. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2015, Vol. 64, No. 12, 3173–3182; doi: 10.1109/TIM.2015.2444256
Zhanghao Yu; Xi Yang; SungWon Chung, A Compact Operational Amplifier with Load-Insensitive Stability Compensation for High-Precision Transducer Interface. Sensors 2018, 18, 393, 1–22; doi: 10.3390/s18020393
Qiang Guo; JingWu; Haibin Jin; Cheng Peng, An Innovative Calibration Scheme for Interharmonic Analyzers in Power Systems under Asynchronous Sampling. Energies 2019, 12, 121, 1–10; doi: 10.3390/en12010121
Jure Konjevod; Roman Malaric; Martin Dadic; Petar Mostarac; Hrvoje Hegedus, Measurement of DC properties and relative humidity (RH) dependence of wideband AC current shunts. Measurements 2019, 131, 1–6; doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2018.08.016
Shimin Xue; Feng Gao; Wenpeng Sun; Botong Li, Protection Principle for a DC Distribution System with a Resistive Superconductive Fault Current Limiter. Energies 2015, 8, 4839–4852; doi: 10.3390/en8064839
Sungho Lee; Sungmin Hong; Wonki Park; Wonhyo Kim; Jaehoon Lee; Kwangho Shin; Cheol-Gi Kim; Daesung Lee, High Accuracy Open-Type Current Sensor with a Differential Planar Hall Resistive Sensor. Sensors 2018, 18, 2231, 1–11; doi: 10.3390/s18072231
Pavel Ripka. Electric current sensors: a review. Measurement Science and Technology 2010, 21, 1–23; doi: 10.1088/0957-0233/21/11/112001
Joachim Rolke, NiChrome Thin Film Technology and its Application. Electrocomponent Science and Technology 1981, Vol. 9, 51–57; doi: 0305-3091/81/0901-0051
Boong-Joo Lee; Paik-Kyun Shin, Fabrication and Characterization of Ni-Cr Alloy Thin Films for Application to Precision Thin Film Resistors. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology 2007, Vol. 2, No. 4, 525–531
T. M. Nenadovic; Z. B. Foitiric; T. S. Dimitrijevic; M. B. Adamov, Some Characteristic Properties of NiCr Thin Films. Thin Solid Films 1972, 10, 45–46
Huan-Yi Cheng; Ying-Chung Chen; Chi-Lun Li; Pei-Jou Li; Mau-Phon Houng; Cheng-Fu Yang, Developments of the Physical and Electrical Properties of NiCr and NiCrSi Single-Layer and Bi-Layer
Nano-Scale Thin-Film Resistors. Nanomaterials 2016, 6, 39, 1–10; doi: 10.3390/nano6030039
R.K. Nahar; N.M. Devashrayee, Electrical Properties of RF Sputtered NiCr Thin Film Resistors with Cu Contacts. Electrocomponent Science and Technology 1983, Vol. 11, 43–51; doi: 0305-3091/83/1101-0043
Jorgen Griessing, Reactive Sputtering of NiCr Resistors with Closely Adjustable Temperature Coefficient of resistance. Electrocomponent Science and Technology 1977, Vol. 4, 133–137
Boong-Joo Lee; Sunwoo Lee; Paik-Kyun Shin, Precision Thin Film Resistors Based on Ni–Cr Quinternary Alloy Thin Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering Technique. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 2009, 48, 1–5; doi: 10.1143/JJAP.48.055502
Nai-Chuan Chuang; Jyi-Tsong Lin; Huey-Ru Chen, TCR control of Ni-Cr resistive film deposited by DC magnetron sputtering. Vacuum 2015, 119, 200–203; doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2015.05.026
Yingbin Bian; Moning Lu; Genshui Ke; Jim DiBattista; Eason Cham; Yimou Yang, Aluminum nitride thin film growth and applications for heat dissipation. Surface and Coatings Technology 2015, 267, 65–69; doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.060
Dan Yan; Yong Yang; Yingping Hong; Ting Liang; Zong Yao; Xiaoyong Chen; Jijun Xiong, AlN-Based Ceramic Patch Antenna-TypeWireless Passive High-Temperature Sensor. Micromachines 2017, 8, 301, 1–12; doi: 10.3390/mi8100301
Heli Seppänen; Iurii Kim; Jarkko Etula; Evgeniy Ubyivovk; Alexei Bouravleuv; Harri Lipsanen, Aluminum Nitride Transition Layer for Power Electronics Applications Grown by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition. Materials 2019, 12, 406, 1–8; doi: 10.3390/ma12030406
Jun Liu; Yukun Yuan; Zhong Ren; Qiulin Tan; Jijun Xiong, High-Temperature Dielectric Properties of Aluminum Nitride Ceramic forWireless Passive Sensing Applications. Sensors 2015, 15, 22660–22671; doi: 10.3390/s150922660
Yonggang Xu; Chi Yang; Jun Li; Xiaojian Mao; Hailong Zhang; Song Hu; Shiwei Wang, Development of AlN/Epoxy Composites with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity. Materials 2017, 10, 1442, 1–8; doi: 10.3390/ma10121442
Weidong Liu; Liangchi Zhang; Alireza Moridi, Finite Element Analysis of the 3w Method for Characterising High Thermal Conductivity Ultra-Thin Film/Substrate System. Coatings 2019, 9, 87, 1–10; doi: 10.3390/coatings9020087
Amphenol type-N connector specifications. Available online: https://www.amphenolrf.com/082-97-rfx.html (accessed on May 6, 2020).
LEMO connector specifications. Available online: https://www.lemo.com/pdf/EGG.0B.304.CLL.pdf (accessed on May 6, 2020)
J. R. Davis, Alloying Understanding The Basics, First Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002, United States of America, 2001, pp. 455–557, ISBN 0-87170-744-6
SMA 50 Ohm straight jack receptacle. Available online: https://www.belfuse.com/resources/productinformations/cinchconnectivitysolutions/johnson/pi-ccs-john-142-0701-201.pdf (accessed on May 6, 2020).
Andresa Baptista; Francisco Silva; Jacobo Porteiro; José Míguez; Gustavo Pinto, Sputtering Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) Coatings: A Critical Review on Process Improvement and Market Trend Demands. Coatings 2018, 8, 402, 2–22; doi: 10.3390/coatings8110402
Nickel Chromium (Ni/Cr) Sputtering Targets. Available online: https://www.lesker.com/newweb/deposition_materials/depositionmaterials_sputtertargets_1.cfm?pgid=ni1 (accessed on May 6, 2020).
Michael Feil; Werner Mader, Investigation of the Adhesion Mechanism of NiCr Layers on Al2O3 and AlN Substrates. IEEE Proceedings 41st Electronic Components Technology Conference 1991, 134–140; doi: 10.1109/ECTC.1991.163865
MARUWA Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Substrates. Available online: https://www.maruwa-g.com/e/products/ceramic/000314.html (accessed on May 6, 2020).
Manfred Klonz; ThomasWeimann, Increasing the time constant of a thin filmmultijunction thermal converter for low frequency application. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 1991, 350–351; doi: 10.1109/TIM.1990.1032957
Hiroyuki Fujiki, New thin-film multijunction thermal converter design for improved high-frequency performance. IEEE Sensors Journal 2007, 1243–1247; doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2007.897966
H. S. Carslaw; J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of heat in solids, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, Great Britain, 1959; pp. 50-91, ISBN: 0198533683
Christophe Goupil, Continuum Theory and Modeling of Thermoelectric Elements, 1st ed.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co: Weinheim, Germany, 2016; pp. 37-38, ISBN: 978-3-527-41337-9
D. K. C. MacDonald, Thermoelectricity An Introduction to the Principles, 1st ed.; Dover Publications, Inc.: Mineola, New York, USA, 2006; ch. 1, 2, 6, ISBN: 978-0-486-17438-9
François Cardarelli, Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference, 2nd ed.; Springer-Verlag London Limited: New York, USA, 2008; pp. 543-551, ISBN: 978-1-84628-669-8; doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-38925-7
H. Julian Goldsmid, Introduction to Thermoelectricity, 1st ed.; Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London: New York, USA, 2010; pp. 139-164, ISBN: 978-3-642-00716-3; doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-00716-3
Antimony (Sb) Sputtering Targets. Available online: https://www.lesker.com/newweb/deposition_materials/depositionmaterials_sputtertargets_1.cfm?pgid=sb1 (accessed on May 6, 2020).
Bismuth (Bi) Sputtering Targets. Available online: https://www.lesker.com/newweb/deposition_materials/depositionmaterials_sputtertargets_1.cfm?pgid=bi01 (accessed on May 6, 2020).
David R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th ed.; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2005; ISBN: 9780849304866
J. P. Holman , Heat Transfer, 10th ed.; McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering: New York, New York, USA, 2010; ISBN: 978–0–07–352936–3
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. Stefan-Boltzmann constant. Avalilable online: https://www.physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?sigma (accessed on May 6, 2020).
Leonel Lira Cortés; Edgar Méndez Lango, Evaluación de la Transferencia de Calor Radial por el Espacio Anular de la Placa Caliente de un Aparato para Medir Conductividad Térmica. Simposio de Metrología 2006, Avalilable online: https://www.cenam.mx/memsimp06/index.htm (accessed on May 6, 2020).
J. Xamán; L. Lira; J. Arce, Analysis of the Temperature Distribution in a Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus for Measuring Thermal Conductivity. Applied Thermal Engineering 2009, 617–623; doi:
1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.03.033
The NIST Uncertainty Machine. A web-based software application to evaluate the measurement uncertainty. Avalilable online: https://uncertainty.nist.gov/ (accessed on May 6, 2020).
Doron Shmilovitz, On the Definition of Total Harmonic Distortion and Its Effect on Measurement Interpretation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2005, 526–528; doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.839744
René David Carranza López Padilla; Sergio Antonio Campos Montiel; Adrián de Jesús Castruita Romero; Marco Antonio Rodríguez Guerrero, Corrección de Fuga Espectral al Utilizar la Transformada Discreta de Fourier con Digitalización Incoherente. Simposio de Metrología 2012, , 227–232, ISBN: 978-607-96162-0-5, Avalilable online: http://www.cenam.mx/Memorias/doctos/Master%20Memorias%20SM2012-F.pdf (accessed on May 6, 2020).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors retain copyright and grant the Revista Mexicana de Física right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
