Thermomechanical behavior of Al-Cu-Si commercial alloy modified with rare earths
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31349/RevMexFis.66.782Keywords:
Cerium, Lanthanum, AluminumAbstract
The effect of cerium/lanthanum rare earths on the microstructural and mechanical behavior of an automotive grade AA319 aluminum alloy was studied at room and hot working conditions. The microstructural results in the modified AA316 aluminum alloys showed that Ce/La additions formed stable micrometric phases at room and hot working conditions, whilst a reduction
in the total area of the eutectic-Si phase of up to 75\% was observed in comparison with the reference alloy. The effect of the Ce/La addition in the aluminum alloys produced an increment in hardness and UTS under room temperature; however, their mechanical behavior was improved in hot working conditions. This improvement is attained to the presence of well dispersed Ce/La phases increasing the amount of the $\theta$'-phase (Al$_2$Cu) across the aluminum matrix. The $\theta$'-phase (Al$_2$Cu) interferes directly with crack diffusion of the solid in two crystallographic directions. Additionally, it was observed through transmission electron microscopy, that Ce/La presence alters the kinetics of precipitation in the formation of the coherent $\theta$-phase from the $\theta$'-phase.
References
F. Tavitas-Medrano, J. Gruzleski, F. Samuel, S. Valtierra, H. Doty, Effect of mg and sr-modification on the mechanical properties of 319-type aluminum cast alloys subjected to artificial aging, Materials Science and Engineering: A 480 (1-2) (2008) 356 – 364.
A. Adorno, R. Silva, Ageing behavior in the cu-10 wt.%al and cu-10 wt.%al-4 wt.%ag alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 473 (1-2) (2009) 139 – 144.
P. Ashraf, S. Shibli, Reinforcing aluminium with cerium oxide: A new and effective technique to prevent corrosion in marine environments, Electrochemistry Communications 9 (3) (2007) 443–448.
J. Zhang, P. Yu, K. Liu, D. Fang, D. Tang, J. Meng, Effect of substituting cerium-rich mischmetal with lanthanum on microstructure and mechanical properties of die-cast mg-al-re alloys, Materials and Design 30 (7) (2009) 2372 – 2378.
O. Sebaie, A. Samuel, F. Samuel, H. Doty, The effects of mischmetal, cooling rate and heat treatment on the hardness of a319.1, a356.2 and a413.1 al-si casting alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A 486 (2008) 241–252.
R. Mahmudi, P. Sepehrband, H. Ghasemi, Improved properties of a319 aluminum casting alloy modified with zr, Materials Letters 60 (21-22) (2006) 2606–2610.
M. Caton, J. Jones, H. Mayer, S. Stanzl-Tschegg, J. Allison, Demonstration of an endurance limit in cast 319 aluminum, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34 (1) (2003) 33–41.
D.-F. Mo, G.-Q. He, Z.-F. Hu, X.-S. Liu, W.-H. Zhang, Effect of microstructural features on fatigue behavior in a319-t6 aluminum allo, Materials Science and Engineering: A 527 (15) (2010) 3420 – 3426.
M. Hosseinifar, D. Malakhov, Effect of ce and la on microstructure and properties of a 6xxx series type aluminum alloy, Journal of Materials Science 43 (22) (2008) 7157–7164.
Y.-C. Tsai, C.-Y. Chou, S.-L. Lee, C.-K. Lin, J.-C. Lin, S. Lim, Effect of trace la addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of aa356 (al-7si-0.35mg) aluminum alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 487 (1-2) (2009) 157 – 162.
S.-H. Choi, S.-Y. Sung, H.-J. Choi, Y.-H. Sohn, B.-S. Han, K.-A. Lee, High temperature tensile deformation behavior of new heat resistant aluminum alloy, Procedia Engineering 10 (0) (2011) 159 – 164.
R. S. Rana, R. Purohit, S. Das, Reviews on the influences of alloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys and aluminum alloy composites, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 2 (6) (2012) 1 – 7.
P. Mohanty, J. Gruzleski, Mechanism of grain refinement in aluminium, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43 (5) (1995) 2001 – 2012.
K. Nogita, S. D. McDonald, A. K. Dahle, Eutectic modification of al-si alloys with rare earth metals, MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 45 (2) (2004) 323–326. doi:10.2320/matertrans.45.323.
M. Easton, D. StJohn, Grain refinement of aluminum alloys: Part i. the nucleant and solute
paradigms a review of the literature, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions 30 (6) (1999) 1613–1623. doi:10.1007/s11661-999-0098-5.
E. Rincon, H. Lopez, M. Cisneros, H. Mancha, Temperature effects on the tensile properties of cast and heat treated aluminum alloy a319, Materials Science and Engineering: A 519 (1-2) (2009) 128 – 140.
J. Hernandez-Sandoval, G. Garza-Elizondo, A. Samuel, S. Valtiierra, F. Samuel, The ambient and high temperature deformation behavior of al-si-cu-mg alloy with minor ti, zr, ni additions, Materials and Design 58 (0) (2014) 89 – 101.
K. Ragab, A. Samuel, A. Al-Ahmari, F. Samuel, H. Doty, Influence of fluidized sand bed heat treatment on the performance of al-si cast alloys, Materials and Design 32 (3) (2011) 1177 – 1193.
M. Ibrahim, E. Samuel, A. Samuel, A. Al-Ahmari, F. Samuel, Metallurgical parameters controlling the microstructure and hardness of al-si-cu-mg base alloys, Materials and Design 32 (4) (2011) 2130 – 2142.
A. Fabrizi, S. Ferraro, G. Timelli, The influence of sr, mg and cu addition on the microstructural properties of a secondary alsi9cu3(fe) die casting alloy, Materials Characterization 85 (0) (2013) 13 – 25.
I. Anyanwu, Y. Gokan, A. Suzuki, S. Kamado, Y. Kojima, S. Takeda, T. Ishida, Effect of substituting cerium-rich mischmetal with lanthanum on high temperature properties of die-cast mg-zn-al-ca-re alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A 380 (1) (2004) 93–99.
O. Sebaie, A. Samuel, F. Samuel, H. Doty, The effects of mischmetal, cooling rate and heat treatment on the eutectic si particle characteristics of a319.1, a356.2 and a413.1 al-si casting alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A 480 (1-2) (2008) 342–355.
D. Qiu, J. Taylor, M.-X. Zhang, P. Kelly, A mechanism for the poisoning effect of silicon on the grain refinement of al–si alloys, Acta Materialia 55 (4) (2007) 1447 – 1456. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.09.046.
H. Liao, G. Sun, Mutual poisoning effect between sr and b in al–si casting alloys, Scripta materialia 48 (8) (2003) 1035–1039.
S. Alkahtani, Mechanical performance of heat treated 319 alloys as a function of alloying and aging parameters, Materials and Design 41 (0) (2012) 358 – 369.
O. Elsebaie, A. Mohamed, A. Samuel, F. Samuel, A. Al Ahmari, The role of alloying additives and aging treatment on the impact behavior of 319 cast alloy, Materials and Design 32 (6) (2011) 3205 – 3220.
X. Chen, W. Kasprzak, J. Sokolowski, Reduction of the heat treatment process for al-based alloys by utilization of heat from the solidification process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 176 (1-3) (2006) 24 – 31.
M. Vonˇcina, S. Kores, P. Mrvar, J. Medved, Effect of ce on solidification and mechanical properties of a360 alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (27) (2011) 7349 – 7355. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.04.059.
J. Li, X. Wang, T. Ludwig, Y. Tsunekawa, L. Arnberg, J. Jiang, P. Schumacher, Modification of eutectic si in al–si alloys with eu addition, Acta Materialia 84 (2015) 153 – 163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.064.
W. Liu, W. Xiao, C. Xu, M. Liu, C. Ma, Synergistic effects of gd and zr on grain refinement and
eutectic si modification of al-si cast alloy, Materials Science and Engineering: A 693 (2017) 93 – 100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.097.
C. Xu, W. Xiao, R. Zheng, S. Hanada, H. Yamagata, C. Ma, The synergic effects of sc and zr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of al-si-mg alloy, Materials and Design 88 (2015) 485 – 492. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.045.
J. Kang, R. Su, D. Wu, C. Liu, T. Li, L. Wang, B. Narayanaswamy, Synergistic effects of ce and
mg on the microstructure and tensile properties of al-7si-0.3mg-0.2fe alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 796 (2019) 267 – 278. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.049.
P. Li, Z. Wu, Y. Wang, X. Gao, Z. Wang, Z. Li, Effect of cerium on mechanical performance and electrical conductivity of aluminum rod for electrical purpose, Journal of Rare Earths 24 (SUPPL. 2) (2006) 355–357.
J. I. Langford, D. Louar, Powder diffraction, Reports on Progress in Physics 59 (2) (1996) 131.
D. Xiao, J. Wang, D. Ding, H. Yang, Effect of rare earth ce addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an al-cu-mg-ag alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 352 (1-2) (2003) 84–88.
E. Cerri, E. Evangelista, S. Spigarelli, P. Cavaliere, F. Dericcardis, Effects of thermal treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties in a thixocast 319 aluminum alloy, Materials Science and Engineering A 284 (1-2) (2000) 254–260.
C. Limmaneevichitr, W. Eidhed, Fading mechanism of grain refinement of aluminum-silicon alloy with al-ti-b grain refiners, Materials Science and Engineering: A 349 (1-2) (2003) 197 – 206.
M. Shabani, M. Emamy, N. Nemati, Effect of grain refinement on the microstructure and tensile properties of thin 319 al castings, Materials and Design 32 (3) (2011) 1542 – 1547.
P. Mohanty, J. Gruzleski, Mechanism of grain refinement in aluminium, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43 (5) (1995) 2001 – 2012.
H. Kaya, E. Cadirli, M. Gunduz, Dendritic growth in an aluminum-silicon alloy, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 16 (1) (2007) 12–21.
W. Donlon, Precipitation of aluminum in the silicon phase contained in w319 and 356 aluminum alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34 (3) (2003) 523–529.
G. Garcia-Garcia, J. Espinoza-Cuadra, H. Mancha-Molinar, Copper content and cooling rate effects over second phase particles behavior in industrial aluminum-silicon alloy 319, Materials and Design 28 (2) (2007) 428–433.
M. Lalpoor, D. Eskin, G. ten Brink, L. Katgerman, Microstructural features of intergranular brittle fracture and cold cracking in high strength aluminum alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: A 527 (7-8) (2010) 1828 – 1834.
The measurements corresponds to Si particles mean surface (S1) obtained from an approximate area of 11000 square micrometers (200 X 10 images per sample).
D. Mitlin, J. Morris, J.W., V. Radmilovic, U. Dahmen, Precipitation and aging in al-si-ge-cu, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 32 (1) (2001) 197–199.
L. Zhang, J. Gao, L. N. W. Damoah, D. G. Robertson, Removal of iron from aluminum: A review, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 33 (2) (2012) 99–157.
A. Canales, J. Talamantes-Silva, D. Gloria, S. Valtierra, R. Colas, Thermal analysis during solidification of cast
F. Samuel, A. Samuel, P. Ouellet, H. Doty, Effect of mg and sr additions on the formation of intermetallics in al-6 wt pct si-3.5 wt pct cu-(0.45) to (0.8) wt pct fe 319- type alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 29 (12) (1998) 2871–2884.
A. Samuel, F. Samuel, Effect of melt treatment, solidification conditions and porosity level on the tensile properties of 319.2 endchill aluminium castings, Journal of Materials Science 30 (19) (1995) 4823–4833.
N. Tiedje, J. Taylor, M. Easton, Feeding and distribution of porosity in cast al-si alloys as function of alloy composition and modification, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 43 (12) (2012) 4846–4858.
N. Roy, A. Samuel, F. Samuel, Porosity formation in ai9 wt pct si-3 wt pct cu alloy systems: Metallographic observations, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27 (2) (1996) 415–429.
C. Dinnis, A. Dahle, J. Taylor, M. Otte, The influence of strontium on porosity formation in al-si alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 35 (11) (2004) 3531–3541.
J. Campbell, M. Tiryakioglu, Review of effect of p and sr on modification and porosity development in al-si alloys, Materials Science and Technology 26 (3) (2010) 262–268.
M. Haque, Effects of strontium on the structure and properties of aluminium-silicon alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 55 (3-4) (1995) 193 – 198.
H. Ammar, A. Samuel, F. Samuel, Effect of casting imperfections on the fatigue life of 319-f and a356-t6 al-si casting alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: A 473 (1-2) (2008) 65 – 75.
J. Sokolowski, M. Djurdjevic, C. Kierkus, D. Northwood, Improvement of 319 aluminum alloy casting durability by high temperature solution treatment, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 109 (1-2) (2001) 174–180.
J. Hwang, R. Banerjee, H. Doty, M. Kaufman, The effect of mg on the structure and properties of type 319 aluminum casting alloys, Acta Materialia 57 (4) (2009) 1308–1317.
S. Weakley-Bollin, W. Donlon, W. Donlon, C. Wolverton, J. Allison, J. Jones, Modeling the agehardening behavior of al-si-cu alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 35 (8) (2004) 2407–2418.
A. Wiengmoon, J. Pearce, T. Chairuangsri, S. Isoda, H. Saito, H. Kurata, Hrtem and haadf-stem of precipitates at peak ageing of cast a319 aluminium alloy, Micron 45 (0) (2013) 32 – 36.
D. Mitlin, J. Morris, J.W., V. Radmilovic, Catalyzed precipitation in al-cu-si, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 31 (11) (2000) 2697–2711.
D. O. Ovono, I. Guillot, D. Massinon, The microstructure and precipitation kinetics of a cast aluminium alloy, Scripta Materialia 55 (3) (2006) 259 – 262.
D. O. Ovono, I. Guillot, D. Massinon, Determination of the activation energy in a cast aluminium alloy by tem and dsc, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 432 (1-2) (2007) 241 – 246.
J. Rodr´ıguez-Carvajal, Recent advances in magnetic structure determination by neutron powder diffraction, Physica B: Condensed Matter 192 (1-2) (1993) 55 – 69.
The settings correspond to a TCH pseudo-Voigt profile, With setting up to _2 = 1 to determine the instrumental error and _2 = 5 to adjust the commercial alloy.
P. Thompson, D. E. Cox, J. B. Hastings, Rietveld refinement of debye-scherrer synchrotron x-ray data from al2o3, Journal of Applied Crystallography 20 (2) (1987) 79–83.
J. Espinoza-Cuadra, P. Gallegos-Acevedo, H. Mancha-Molinar, A. Picado, Effect of sr and solidification conditions on characteristics of intermetallic in al-si 319 industrial alloys, Materials and Design 31 (1) (2010) 343 – 356.
S. Shabestari, M. Malekan, Assessment of the effect of grain refinement on the solidification characteristics of 319 aluminum alloy using thermal analysis, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 492 (1-2) (2010) 134 – 142.
J. A. Taylor, Iron-containing intermetallic phases in al-si based casting alloys, Procedia Materials Science 1 (2012) 19 – 33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2012.06.004.
M. Becerril, O. Vigil-Galan, G. Contreras-Puente, O. Zela, a Angel., Aluminum doping of cdte polycrystalline films starting from the heterostructure cdte/al, Revista Mexicana de F´ısica 57 (4) (2011) 304.
A. Contreras, E. Bedolla, Fabricacion y caracterizacion de materiales compuestos de matriz metalica al-cu y almg reforzados con particulas de tic, Revista Mexicana de F´ısica 50 (5) (2004) 495
V. A, P. A, o Meza., I. N, J. M, O. Pineda., L. A, G. J, Experimental accelerated method for determining fatigue in aluminum 2024 alloy, Revista Mexicana de F´ısica 60 (1 Jan-Feb) (2014) 8.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Javier Camarillo-Cisneros
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the Revista Mexicana de Física right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
