Diseño y construcción de un sistema emisor/receptor compacto para experimentos de medición de la velocidad de la luz

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31349/RevMexFis.23.020212

Keywords:

speed of light, pulsed laser, fast photodiode

Abstract

Uno de los experimentos más populares en Óptica y Electromagnetismo es el de la medición de la velocidad de la luz, ya que reafirma la teoría electromagnética de Maxwell. Realizar este experimento en un salón de clases es bastante complejo debido a la dificultad para acceder a material adecuado y económico, así como por la falta de información en lo referente a la electrónica necesaria. En este trabajo describimos cómo implementar un sistema electrónico de láser pulsado y receptor rápido para realizar experimentos de medición de velocidad de la luz basados en el método de tiempo de vuelo, utilizando componentes de fácil acceso. El sistema es capaz de generar y detectar pulsos eléctricos y ópticos de $4.5\pm0.1$ns a frecuencias de repetición de decenas KHz, con lo cual fue posible medir una velocidad de la luz en el aire de $v=(2.99\pm0.05)\times10^8$m/s con una desviación menor al $1\%$ respecto del valor oficial, y el cual fue posible montarlo dentro de una longitud de 5m. Este sistema también es capaz de medir la velocidad de la luz en materiales translucidos como el acrílico y agua. Para usuarios sin acceso a herramientas, y/o experiencia, para la construcción de circuitos electrónicos, presentamos una alternativa basada en la plataforma Arduino, la cual permite realizar mediciones comparativas de la velocidad de la luz en materiales, aunque con una precisión limitada.

One of the most popular experiments in Optics and Electromagnetism is the measurement of the speed of light, because it reaffirms Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. Conducting this experiment in a classroom is quite complex due to the difficulty in accessing suitable and affordable materials, as well as the lack of information regarding the necessary electronics. In this work we describe how to implement a pulsed laser and fast receiver electronic system to perform light speed measurement experiments based on the time-of-flight method, using available components. The system is capable of generating and detecting electrical and optical pulses of $4.5\pm0.1$ns at repetition frequencies of tens of KHz, with which it was possible to measure a speed of light in air of $v=(2.99\pm0.05)\times10^8$m/s with a deviation of less than $1\%$ from the official value, and which was possible to implement within a length of 5m. This system is also capable of measuring the speed of light in translucent materials such as acrylic and in water. For users without access to the tools for building electronic circuits, we present an alternative based on the Arduino platform, which allows for comparative measurements of the speed of light in materials, albeit with limited accuracy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

LD-Didactic (Leybold). "Determining the velocity of light using a periodical light signal at a short measuring distance". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://www.leybold-shop.com/vp5-6-3-1.html.

LD-Didactic (Leybold). "Determining the velocity of light by means of the rotating-mirror method according to Foucault and Michelson

- Measuring the image shift as a function of the rotational speed of the mirror". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://www.leybold-shop.com/vp5-6-1-1.html.

LD-Didactic (Leybold). "Determining the velocity of light in air from the path and transit time of a short light pulse". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://www.leybold-shop.com/vp5-6-2-1.html.

PASCO company. "Laser Speed of Light System". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://www.pasco.com/products/lab-apparatus/fundamental-constants/laser-speed-of-light-system.

PHYWE company. "Apar. medidor velocidad d.la luz". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://www.phywe.com/es/fisica/la-luz-y-la-optica/la-propagacion-de-la-luz/apar-medidor-velocidad-d-la-luz_1890_2821/.

R. A. DiCurcio. "Speed of light with a rotating mirror and a laser". Phys. Teach. 16, 326–327 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2339963

A. Kilpel¨a, J. Kostamovaara. "Laser pulser for a time-of-flight laser radar". Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 2253–2258 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1148133

B. Brody. "The Speed of Light: Making an Easy Time of It". Phys. Teach.41, 276–277 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1571262

J. E. Carlson. "Speed of light measurement with the laser pointer". Phys. Teach. 34, 176 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2344390

M. Ortiz, A. M. Montecinos. "How to measure the speed of light at your university with a dinner budget". Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F´ısica, v. 37, n. 1, 1502 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-11173711649

Wyant College of Optical Science, University of Arizona. "Measure the speed of light with a microwave". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/oscoutreach/measure-the-speed-of-light-with-a-microwave/

R. H. Stauffer Jr. "Finding the speed of light with marshmallows—A take-home lab". Phys. Teach. 35, 231 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2344657

J. Hester, et.al. "21st Century Astronomy". Norton & Company. (2002).

R. A, Serway, R. J. Beichner. "Physics for Scientists and Engineers". 5a ed. McGraw-Hill (2000), Tomo II.

D. J. Griffiths. "Introduction to Electrodynamics". 3° ed. Prentice Hall (1999).

J. Williams. "Application Note 72 – A Seven-Nanosecond Comparator for Single Supply Operation". Linear Technology, (1998).

W.D. Roehr. "High-speed switching transistor handbook". (3rd printing ed.), Motorola, Inc. (1963).

Newark M´exico. "S5972". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://mexico.newark.com/hamamatsu/s5972/diode-photo-800nm-to-18-3/dp/62M0263?srsltid=AfmBOorMijhtwD5IbROHnISWttuYGGNwwWJWoO3_7Y8ZhBa7OMffa240.

ST Microelectronics. "VL53L0X-Time-of-Flight (ToF) ranging sensor". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://www.st.com/en/imaging-and-photonics-solutions/vl53l0x.html.

GitHub-Pololu. "VL53L0X library for Arduino". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://github.com/pololu/vl53l0x-arduino

Analog Devices, Linear Technology. "LT1613 Datasheet". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de:https://www.analog.com/en/products/lt1613.html.

Wikipedia. "Cockcroft–Walton generator". Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockcroft%E2%80%93Walton_generator.

Andrew Levido. "Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier". Circuit Cellar web page. Recuperado el 5/05/2025 de: https://circuitcellar.com/resources/quickbits/cockcroft-walton-voltage-multiplier-2/

Downloads

Published

2026-07-01

How to Cite

[1]
J. Sierra Mendoza, R. S´anchez Grande, Y. Pedro Miguel, and E. Barrios Barocio, “Diseño y construcción de un sistema emisor/receptor compacto para experimentos de medición de la velocidad de la luz”, Rev. Mex. Fis. E, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1–10, Jul. 2026.