Drug expiration study using Raman spectroscopy and super paramagnetic clustering
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31349/RevMexFis.70.061302Keywords:
Drugs Expiration, Raman Spectroscopy, Super Paramagnetic Clustering, PCAAbstract
Currently, there is a belief that drugs used after the expiration date no longer work, or even these can cause some damage. In the present work, several types of drugs on the market with different expiration dates are analyzed to find out if these, with the expired expiration date, present spectroscopic differences from those drugs whose expiration date is still valid. This study used the Raman spectroscopy technique to determine the chemical composition of drugs. To measure the drug Raman spectra, Horiba equipment, LabRam HR800, was used with an Olympus confocal microscope focusing a laser of 830 nm and 17 mW on the drugs through a 50 X Leica long-range objective. The Super Paramagnetic Clustering (SPC) method was applied to classify the Raman spectra. In the SPC method, the clustering process is based on a phenomenon of clustering observed in nature at the atomic level and perfectly described by a statistical physics model known as the Potts model, which describes the interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. This clustering method allows for identifying hierarchical structures in the spectra data banks. Fourteen drugs were analyzed, including 2 capsules, 5 tablets, 2 liquid samples, 4 ointments, and one spray with 1 to 3 expired expiration dates. Comparing drugs with expiration dates that are still valid and expired, the SPC results applied to the Raman spectra showed that, although some drugs indicated chemical differences, others indicated no chemical differences, even among those with up to two expired expiration dates. The results showed that Raman spectroscopy and SPC are excellent tools for discriminating between expired and non-expired drugs. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was also applied as a cross-checking method of the SPC result, obtaining consistent results. To our knowledge, it is the first preliminary result evaluating the usefulness of Raman spectroscopy and SPC in identifying expired drugs distributed on the market.
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