This paper studies a Caputo time-fractional version of the modified Kawahara equation, \[ {}^{C}D_t^\rho u + a u^2 u_x + b u_{xxx} + c u_{xxxxx}=0, \qquad 0<\rho\le 1, \] which combines cubic nonlinearity, third- and fifth-order dispersion, and temporal memory. We begin with the corresponding classical equation and derive an exact traveling-wave family in Jacobi elliptic form, \[ u(x,t)=A+B\,\cn^2\!\bigl(\kappa(x-\lambda t-\xi_0);m\bigr). \] The solitary-wave profile is then recovered as the limiting case \(m\to1\), which yields a \(\sech^2\)-type wave. Next, these exact classical profiles are transferred to the fractional setting through the memory-adapted time law \[ g_\rho(t)=\frac{t^\rho}{\Gamma(\rho+1)}. \] Because the Caputo derivative does not satisfy the ordinary local chain rule, the resulting fractional traveling profile is interpreted as an explicit approximation rather than an unproved exact solution. A residual identity is derived, and a simple L1 finite-difference scheme is presented to assess the quality of the approximation numerically. The analysis provides a structured bridge between exact classical wave theory and residual-validated fractional-wave modeling. \end{abstract}
\noindent\textbf{Keywords:} modified Kawahara equation; Caputo derivative; Jacobi elliptic functions; solitary waves; memory effects; residual analysis.
\noindent\textbf{MSC 2020:} 35C07, 35R11, 35Q53, 33E05, 65M06.
 

     Optimizing the thickness of the active layer is essential to improve the performance of organic solar cells. In this study, we examined how the thickness of the active layer, made of a P3HT:PC 61 BM blend, influences the key electrical parameters of inverted organic solar cells. Four prepared photovoltaic cells were prepared using a typical device structure of  ITO /ZnO /P3HT:PC 61 BM /MoO 3 /Ag . The active layer of  P3HT : PC 61 BM was deposited by spin coating with different thicknesses of 80, 150, 200, and 300 nm.  We used the different J-V characteristics to extract parameters such as the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, series resistance, and shunt resistance. Based on these measurements, the results indicate that V oc remains nearly stable between 80 nm and 200 nm, before dropping sharply at 300 nm due to recombination losses. Furthermore, J sc increases with thickness and reaches its maximum at 300 nm, thanks to improved light absorption. The fill factor peaks (~50%) at a thickness of 150 nm, then decreases, reflecting an imbalance between charge collection and internal losses. To provide a deep understanding of this behavior, we also analyzed the resistive parameters. The series resistance R s increases from 27.11 Ω·m² to 27.52 Ω·m² when the thickness increases from 80 to 150 nm due by the increased defect density in the layer structure with additional layer stacking, then rises to 28.87 –34.55 Ω·m² for 200–300 nm respectively because of the longer charge transport path and increased recombination. Finally, the shunt resistance R sh increases up to 150 nm suggests improved film uniformity and better surface coverage, thus minimizing shunt defects, before decreasing at 200 and 300 nm. This suggests that increasing the material volume statistically leads to a higher density of volumetric defects.

Soil microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are bioelectrochemical systems capable of generating electrical signals from microbially mediated oxidation processes occurring within the soil matrix. This study evaluates the electrical response of a soil microbial fuel cell (SMFC) subjected to controlled chemical perturbations induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2). SMFC microcosms were established under four treatments: control, low (50 mg), medium (100 mg), and high (200 mg) CoCl2, with four replicates per treatment. Soil physicochemical parameters, including pH, conductivity, moisture, and nutrient content, were monitored together with voltage and current outputs. CoCl2 addition produced transient soil acidification and increased ionic strength. Current exhibited strong sensitivity to these changes, whereas voltage remained comparatively stable. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a consistent negative relationship between current and soil pH, identifying pH as the dominant controlling variable. A theoretical electrochemical framework confirmed that CoCl2 acts as a chemical modulator rather than an electron source. These results highlight the potential of SMFCs as responsive bioelectrochemical indicators of soil chemical dynamics.

The Clapp oscillator consists of one voltage amplifier, one inductor, three capacitors, and three resistors. The proposed work analyses the Clapp oscillator when two resistors are replaced by a commercially available physical memristor, e.g. the Knowm memristor, and a third case when the polarity of the memristor is inverted. In this manner, three cases are analyzed and compared with the responses of the Clapp oscillator without a memristive element. The responses of the experiments show how the position and polarity of the Knowm memristor influence the steady-state behavior of the LC resonant oscillator. The results show that the three cases, using the Knowm memristor, produce measurable changes in frequency of oscillation, amplitude, and temporal symmetry of the output waveform, whereas reversing the memristor polarity, reverses both frequency and temporal asymmetry trends. As a conclusion, the observed behaviors indicate that the memristor acts as a dynamic and history-dependent element, i.e. it modifies the oscillation conditions of the Clapp oscillator beyond the effects of a static resistive component. These findings establish that the Clapp oscillator topology, is a suitable experimental platform for studying memristive effects in LC resonant systems. The results provide insights into the role of memristive devices position and polarity in shaping oscillatory dynamics.

In a quantum system initially in the n-th eigenstate, an adiabatic evolution of the Hamiltonian ensures that the system remains in the corresponding instantaneous eigenstate while acquiring a phase factor. This phase has two components: one resulting from standard time evolution and another associated with the dependence of the eigenstate on the varying Hamiltonian, known as the Berry phase. In this work, we explore the concept of geometric amplitudes in the context of a Hermitian Hamiltonian. We introduce the notion of geometric amplitude and provide a novel derivation of this concept. Our study reveals that a system undergoing cyclic evolution under adiabatic conditions acquires an additional amplitude factor of purely geometric origin. To illustrate this idea, we apply it to a concrete case: a generalized inverted harmonic oscillator. Although a pseudo-inner product can be introduced to make resonance states formally normalizable, this procedure relies on a non-unitary metric operator and defines a modified Hilbert space; it does not restore normalizability nor self-adjointness in the standard L²(R) framework.

The purpose of this article is to address the issues of dimensional consistency that arise in the process of replacing the ordinary time derivative operator by a fractional derivative operator in order to write a fractional differential equation. We show that by performing a simple change of variables fulfilling certain conditions ensures the consistency in physical dimensions for fractional differential equations with non singular kernels. An example of the proposed method is given.

In this work, the time evolution of the contact-angle dynamics of distilled water droplets and 0.9% sodium chloride solution droplets placed on a solid glass surface was investigated experimentally during evaporation. The contact angle was determined using a simple geometric approach based on spherical-cap geometry from the droplet height and base diameter, without employing complex optical goniometric systems. The experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions, and the time-dependent variation of the contact angle was analyzed in detail. The results show that, for the 0.9% sodium chloride solution droplet, the contact angle decreases faster and in an almost monotonic manner compared with the distilled water droplet. In contrast, the water droplet exhibits stick-slip behavior associated with contact-line pinning and depinning processes. The obtained results indicate that electrolyte ions influence wetting properties and contact-line dynamics. The proposed geometric method is a simple and practical approach for real-time investigation of droplet evaporation and wetting processes under controlled laboratory conditions.

Shear wave propagation in a layered medium made of Voigt viscoelastic layers is studied. It is argued that is it possible to obtain closed-form analytical approximate expressions for the effective dynamical parameters of the layered medium in the high-frequency regime. The multiple scales method is applied to obtain the frequency-dependent effective dynamical parameters. Lower order analytical solution approximations for harmonic steady-state was obtained. Numerical comparison against precise numerical solutions via the tranfer matrix method were carried out. This could contribute to the model design of tissue-like phantom materials for ultrasound devices calibration as well as in the processing of signals from shear wave elastography.

Multi cycle interrupted borocarburizing, a modified pack boriding technique, enhances AISI 1015 steel by improving strength while maintaining surface microhardness. Using response surface methodology, the effects of temperature, time, and cycles on microhardness and tensile strength were optimized. A regression model based on central composite design showed strong experimental agreement. The Multi cycle interrupted borocarburized layers exhibited distinct iron boride and carburized zones, with microhardness values of 1410HV0.05 in the iron boride zone, 650HV0.05 in the carburized zone, and 210HV0.05 in the base metal. Unlike continuous boriding, multi cycle borocarburized layers showed no needle-like structure and had a gradual hardness gradient. The X ray diffraction analysis revealed Fe3C, Fe2B, and FeB phases. The multi cycle interrupted borocarburized process achieved a 1.23 times improvement in tensile strength (488 MPa vs. 395.8 MPa). This study demonstrates multi cycle borocarburized process superiority in balancing ultimate tensile strength and microhardness compared to continuous pack boriding.

A composite of a Zn22Al22Cu matrix and NaCl particles was developed to establish whether this material could be hot-rolled and, if feasible, to determine the structural changes according to the initial matrix microstructure and percent section reduction achieved with this process. The composite was made by melting the alloy, adding the particles, molding, compressing the mixture of metal and particles, and air cooling, with an approximate (mass of particles) / (mass of alloy) ratio equal to 0.6. Plates of the composite with the initial cast-metal matrix microstructure and with a heat-treated initial fine-grained matrix microstructure were hot-rolled in two stages to approximately 80% section reduction at 230 °C. Specimens of the plates that were not rolled, plates hot-rolled to approximately 50% section reduction and plates hot-rolled to the maximum percent reduction were mirror-polished, and the matrix and NaCl-particle interfaces were analyzed and imaged with a scanning electron microscope. Vickers microhardness was measured in the matrix and in the NaCl particles, and the Rockwell hardness F of the nonrolled and hot-rolled composites was determined. The cast-metal matrix microstructure acquired shape texture without recrystallization, while the fine-grained matrix microstructure recrystallized with increasing rolling %. The NaCl particles deformed together with the matrix and hardened, with the hardening speed being greater when the matrix was fine-grained. The composite could be hot-rolled with either microstructure, with the cast-metal matrix microstructure being more favorable. The hot-rolling of this material allows thin cellular sheets to be obtained.

In this work, colloidal suspensions of CoOx/ nanomaterials were synthesized using laser ablation of solids in liquids. In the first stage, experiments were carried out using a cobalt target and deionized water as the liquid medium in order to establish the conditions for the synthesis of the nanomaterials. Subsequently, the cobalt target was irradiated in two liquid media containing carbon nanomaterials: a colloidal suspension of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and another of graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs). The effect of the liquid medium was studied as an important parameter, which determines the composition and structure of the final products. The resulting CoOx/C nanomaterials were characterized morphologically and structurally using infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the optical properties of the colloidal suspensions were evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that ablation in deionized water produces Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 10.43 nm, while ablation in colloidal suspensions of carbon nanomaterials led to the formation of two types of structures: carbon-coated CoOx nanoparticles and spherical CoOx nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix. These cobalt oxide and carbon-based nanomaterials have broad potential in biomedical applications and energy storage devices.

This paper examines the reliability of SiC DMOS power transistors in a DC-DC Boost Converter circuit. This reliability analysis focuses on the impact of bias temperature instabilities (BTI) on the electrical performance of the transistor, taking into account the variation of one of the most critical parameters of a SiC power MOSFET: the on-resistance (Ron). The study presented in this work also provides an insight into the importance of using an accurate physical reliability model to estimate the transistor’s real threshold voltage drift for a long operating time. We demonstrate that SiC DMOS technology exhibits higher threshold voltage (Vth) and Ron stability when operated in a bipolar mode. As a result, data derived from measure-stress-measure (MSM) sequences are used to calibrate the defect parameters of a two-state non-radiative multi-phonon model (NMP) that captures the charge trapping kinetics of oxide and interface defects in a reliability simulation framework: Comphy. From the analysis it was obtained that an extrapolation of device deterioration at operating settings reduces bias temperature instabilities (BTI), leading to a small danger to on-state loss growth.

In this work, we investigated the fundamental electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of NaCl 7 , an uncommon sodium chloride stoichiometry, using density functional theory (DFT) with the LSDA+mBJ approach in the Wien2k package. Our research represents a pioneering exploration of NaCl 7 's semiconducting nature in the Pm-3 phase, achieved without the application of external stress. Meanwhile, previous studies have predominantly focused on the high-pressure behavior of various Na m Cl n configurations, particularly their metallization under extreme pressures. Here, electronic-structure calculations reveal that NaCl7 behaves as a p-type semiconductor with a band gap of 1.198 eV. We also analyzed various optical properties, including the absorption coefficient, electron energy-loss function, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric tensor and the optical conductivity. NaCl 7 exhibits promising absorption characteristics within the UV-visible spectrum. Furthermore, we investigated the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, electronic thermal conductivity, figure of merit, electronic specific heat, and Pauli magnetic susceptibility.

We perform a comparative analysis of the elastic scattering of  6 He projectiles from  58 Ni, 64 Zn, and 120 Sn targets at near-barrier energies (9–21.7 MeV, 9–17.9 MeV, and 17.4–20.5 MeV, respectively). The exotic two-neutron halo structure of  6 He strongly influences the scattering dynamics near the Coulomb barrier. Using a range of microscopic and cluster-based potentials—including the double-folding potential (DFP), São Paulo potential (SPP), Brazilian nuclear potential (BNP), and a cluster folding potential (CFP)—we analyze the angular distributions to explore the effects of  6 He breakup and the resulting dynamic polarization. Our study systematically examines the emergence of breakup threshold anomalies, the behavior of the optical potential parameters, and the role of target mass and charge in modifying the effective interaction. The CFP, which explicitly incorporates the  α + 2 n  cluster configuration, consistently yields larger reaction cross-sections, underscoring the importance of cluster degrees of freedom in describing halo-nucleus collisions.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) with secondary doping has been widely researched as a hole transport layer in solar cells because secondary doping can provide conformational change and improve the properties of PEDOT: PSS. PEDOT: PSS is doped with graphene oxide (GO) to form PEDOT: GO solution, then, sodium hydroxide is added into the acidic PEDOT: GO solution to study the pH effect. The HRTEM result indicates the formation of PEDOT: GO. Besides, the two-point probe results show that both acidic and basic PEDOT: GO is more conductive than PEDOT: PSS and GO alone. This was due to the transformation of benzoid structure to quinoid structure which has been supported by the lower d-spacings of acidic PEDOT: GO (3.48 Å) and basic PEDOT: GO (3.44Å) compared to PEDOT: PSS (3.56Å) in the XRD result. Other than that, the UV-Vis absorbance result shows that the PSS chain absorbance peak in basic PEDOT: GO is around 13% lower than that in acidic PEDOT: GO, indicating better replacement of insulating PSS chain and more successful formation of PEDOT: GO. In the EDX results, the basic PEDOT: GO shows higher oxygen content (93.34%) than acidic PEDOT: GO (44.58%) due to the increase of hydroxyl groups of GO in basic conditions caused by NaOH. Besides, the average resistance values of the basic PEDOT: GO and acidic PEDOT: GO layers are 3.72E+10 Ω and 1.30E+10 Ω, respectively. The Na+ ion in NaOH resulted in the damages of unreacted PEDOT: PSS, making the basic PEDOT: GO sample more electrically resistant than the acidic PEDOT: GO sample. Despite some of the adverse effects of basic PEDOT: GO, it shows the lowest surface roughness (Rq: 2.52 nm) among all potential HTLs investigated, indicating the best deposition on glass and wettability.

Graphene oxide (GO) is a highly versatile nanomaterial with remarkable structural, electrical, and surface properties, making it useful for energy storage, catalysis, and biomedical applications [1]. In this study, durian peel waste was used as a carbon-rich precursor for the synthesis of GO, offering a sustainable and cost-effective route to nanomaterials. The raw material was first subjected to pyrolysis at 400 °C in a rocket stove reactor to produce biochar. The resulting carbon was processed using liquid-phase acid sonication (LAS) and ultrasonication to synthesize GO. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD patterns confirmed the presence of oxidized graphitic structures, Raman spectra revealed the characteristic D and G bands with an increased ID/IG ratio indicating the formation of structural defects, and SEM images showed wrinkled, layered morphologies typical of GO sheets. These results demonstrate that tropical fruit waste can be valorized into advanced nanomaterials through environmentally friendly processing, highlighting the dual benefits of waste reduction and material innovation.

BaTi(O 1-x S x ) 3 chalcogenide perovskite thin films were deposited by the spin coating technique, using a solution formed by a powder of BaTi(O0.50S0.50) 3  perovskite compound previously synthesized and ethanol as a solvent. To obtain the powdered BaTi(O 1-x S x ) 3 perovskite compound used as precursor material, a sulfidization process to barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) was carried out in a constant flow CS 2 /Ar atmosphere at a temperature of 600 °C for four hours. After depositing, the films were annealed for one hour in a tube furnace at a temperature of 400 °C, in an Ar and CS 2 reactive atmosphere. EDX-RF, XRD, FTIR and Uv-Vis-NIR techniques were used to analyze the structural, vibrational, and optical properties of the films. All deposited and annealed films showed the hexagonal crystalline structure typical of BaTiS 3 perovskite with an absorption coefficient greater than 4x10 4 cm -1  in the range 600 to 950 nm. The band gap of the BaTi(O 1-x S x ) 3 chalcogenide perovskite thin films was narrowed as a function of the concentration of sulfur in the sample. The final band gap values obtained were 1.51, 1.45 and 1.35 eV for sulfur percentages of 24.3, 25.3 and 28.7, respectively. This results projected the BaTi(O 1-x S x ) 3 chalcogenide perovskites have the ideal band gap for they possible applications of perovskite solar cells.

Debido a sus excepcionales propiedades estructurales y electrónicas, los dicalcogenuros de metales de transición (TMDs) se han consolidado recientemente como candidatos prometedores para su integración en electrónica avanzada y sistemas de almacenamiento de energía. En este trabajo, presentamos un estudio sistemático y predictivo de las propiedades estructurales, la estabilidad termodinámica y la estructura electrónica de los dicalcogenuros de potasio y metal de transición KTMS2 (TM = Nb y Ta). Los cálculos se realizaron a partir de primeros principios dentro del marco de la Teoría de los Funcionales de la Densidad (DFT). El funcional de intercambio y correlación se trató mediante la Aproximación del Gradiente Generalizado (GGA) en su parametrización optimizada para sólidos, PBEsol. La estructura del estado fundamental para cuatro fases distintas (α y η para KNbS2, y ζ1 y ζ2 para KTaS2) fue determinada ajustando la energía total en función del volumen a la Ecuación de Estado de Birch-Murnaghan de cuarto orden. Nuestros resultados energéticos indican que la fase η es termodinámicamente más estable que la fase α en el sistema KNbS2. Por otro lado, para el sistema KTaS2, se determinó que las fases ζ1 y ζ2 son energéticamente degeneradas en el estado fundamental. El análisis de la estructura electrónica reveló un ancho de banda prohibida indirecto para las cuatro fases, donde el máximo de la banda de valencia (VBM) se localiza consistentemente en el punto Γ del espacio k, mientras que el mínimo de la banda de conducción (CBM) se ubica a lo largo de la dirección Γ-K en el punto (u, u, 0). Los valores del gap fundamental calculados fueron de 0.80 eV, 0.75 eV y 0.68 eV para las fases α, η y ζ1 (ζ2), respectivamente. Estos estrechos gaps sugieren una fuerte absorción de fotones en la región del infrarrojo cercano (NIR), posicionando a estos materiales como candidatos prometedores para su aplicación en dispositivos fotovoltaicos de baja energía.
Due to their exceptional structural and electronic properties, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently emerged as promising candidates for integration into advanced electronics and energy storage systems. In this work, we present a systematic and predictive study of the structural properties, thermodynamic stability, and electronic structure of potassium transition-metal dichalcogenides KTMS₂ (TM = Nb and Ta). The calculations were performed from first principles within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT). The exchange–correlation functional was treated using the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) in its optimized parametrization for solids, PBEsol. The ground-state structure for four distinct phases (α and η for KNbS₂, and ζ₁ and ζ₂ for KTaS₂) was determined by fitting the total energy as a function of volume to the fourth-order Birch–Murnaghan Equation of State. Our energetic results indicate that the η phase is thermodynamically more stable than the α phase in the KNbS₂ system. On the other hand, for the KTaS₂ system, the ζ₁ and ζ₂ phases were found to be energetically degenerate in the ground state. The electronic structure analysis revealed an indirect band gap for all four phases, where the valence band maximum (VBM) is consistently located at the Γ point of the k-space, while the conduction band minimum (CBM) is positioned along the Γ–K direction at the (u, u, 0) point. The calculated fundamental gap values were 0.80 eV, 0.75 eV, and 0.68 eV for the α, η, and ζ₁ (ζ₂) phases, respectively. These narrow gaps suggest strong photon absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region, positioning these materials as promising candidates for application in low-energy photovoltaic devices.

In a bid to establish the impact of the temperature of the calcification on the structural, microstructural or the functional maturation of the nanoparticles, magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were prepared using a methodology that involves controlled coprecipitation technique. The presence of some single phase cubic percales MgO and refinement of the diffraction peaks have been performed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Lorentzian-Gaussian profile analysis of the lines respectively. TheWilliamsonHall (W-H) method gave a valid estimate of changes caused by thermo-contributing to the broadening of the peak by quantitative decoupling of crystallite-size and lattice strain contributions. The above increase in temperature to   systematic crystallite growth  5.911 nm, lattice relaxation and strain elimination were observed as well as a decrease in the density of dislocations and an increase in structural coherence. The optimal crystal structure of MgO, as well as concentration of defects and internal stress, was achieved between  ,  as the crystal structure of the MgO improved, the surface activity did not reduce significantly. Further heating above this regime increased grains coalescence and compressive stresses and reduced sites of active surface. The findings are a direct correlation between processingstructure property that explicitly shows that the dynamic of defects and mechanical stability of MgO nanocrystals depends on the precise control of the calcification temperature. The findings give a forecast analysis of designing MgO-based materials to enable catalysis, optical coating, dielectrical apparatus as well as biomedical applications.

In this research, we employed an ab initio calculation approach based on the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within the framework of density functional theory (DFT), integrated into the WIEN2k code. By examining in detail the structural, elastic, electronic, magnetic, optical, and thermodynamic characteristics of the double perovskite compound Ba2DySbO6. Firstly, our study focused primarily on magnetic stability. The results presented in this work are in good agreement with the available experimental and theoretical data. Subsequently, we studied the electronic properties in which we calculated the band structure and the density of states. Regarding the magnetic properties of the compound Ba2DySbO6, it was found that the total magnetic moment is mainly due to the magnetic moment of the lanthanide atom. The optical properties, such as the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function, the refractive index, the extinction coefficient, the reflectivity, the optical conductivity, and the absorption coefficient of the Ba2DySbO6 compound, were calculated for all photon energies. The thermodynamic study of our compound has shown that it is stable at high temperatures. The predictive calculations of the thermal properties of our compound show that it follows the same behavior with temperature variation.

Numerous everyday goods, including fabrics, electrical appliances, vehicles, and airplanes, are currently undergoing extensive testing and inspection for their flammability features. By lowering the total fire risk associated with the use of highly flammable raw materials in goods such as textiles, apparel, composites, and plastics, flame retardants perform a critical protective role in preserving lives and property. In this study, kaolin and epoxy were used to prepare a nanocomposite flame retardant. The used kaolin was tested by X-ray diffraction and (AFM) tests. The results showed that the powders possess multi-phases and also have a mean grain size of (38 nm) and root mean square (RMS) of (12.25). Also, the energy dispersive (XRD) spectroscopy analysis (EDX) showed that the presence of the essential elements of these powders was accurate and clear. The nanocomposites were prepared by mixing the kaolin nanopowder with the epoxy resin by weight percentages of (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%). To determine the efficiency of these additives in flame retardant and to increase the combustion resistance of epoxy resin, different methods of measurement were used according to ASTM; average time of burning, average extent of burning, rate of burning, limiting oxygen index, maximum flame height and residue percentage succeeding combustion. Based flame retardant is commercially successful and they are more environmentally friendly as compared to halogenated and non-halogenated inorganic or organic types and they are being applied suitably with a cross-inker and/or binder copolymer that makes the FRs more resistant to common weathering conditions and exposures. They also produce less or no obnoxious gases while burning.

This study explores the pressure-dependent structural, elastic, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of the half-Heusler alloy CrZrAs through first-principles calculations based on DFT within the PBE-GGA using the WIEN2k code. Five possible atomic configurations were analyzed, with Type II identified as the most energetically favorable in the ferromagnetic state, underscoring the stabilizing influence of spin polarization on the ground-state structure. Energy–volume trends reveal small energetic separations among competing configurations, suggesting that external stimuli such as pressure or doping could trigger structural rearrangements. Electronic structure analysis confirms the half-metallic nature of CrZrAs, characterized by an indirect bandgap in the majority spin channel, metallic conduction in the minority channel, and a total magnetic moment of 3.00 μ B per formula unit in line with the Slater–Pauling rule. Elastic constants validate its mechanical stability, ductility, and anisotropic response, supported by Pugh’s ratio, Poisson’s coefficient, and positive Cauchy pressure values. Optical investigations across 0–20 eV reveal moderate absorption coefficients, distinctive dielectric peaks from interband transitions, and favorable refractive and energy-loss behavior, indicating potential for optoelectronic integration. Increasing hydrostatic pressure contracts, the lattice, strengthens Cr–Zr orbital hybridization, narrows the electronic bandgap, shifts the Fermi level, and progressively diminishes the magnetic moment, eventually suppressing half-metallicity under extreme compression. These findings establish CrZrAs as a structurally robust, elastically adaptable, half-metallic material with promising spintronic and optoelectronic potential, while demonstrating pressure as an effective means to tailor its electronic and magnetic functionalities for advanced device applications.

En la actualidad existe un interés creciente en mejorar la eficiencia térmica de las viviendas y edificios, siendo importante el desarrollo de modelos que analicen el comportamiento térmico de estos inmuebles y sugieran mejoras para optimizar el confort en la infraestructura habitacional. En este trabajo se desarrolló un modelo térmico que permite la estimación de la temperatura interior en viviendas rurales del estado de Michoacán mediante el método de analogías eléctricas. La metodología propuesta se basa en tres etapas: (a) la formulación de un modelo a partir de un sistema de circuito eléctrico que se fundamenta en principios físicos a través de la transferencia de calor y el balance de energía de un sistema de vivienda cúbica simple, donde se han utilizado las propiedades térmicas del techo, como la conductividad, el área, el espesor y la densidad; (b) el análisis del comportamiento térmico de tres tipos de viviendas con piso de cemento, muros de ladrillo de arcilla cocida y techos variables de cemento, lámina de asbesto y láminas de cartón negro, en cuyo caso se han registrado las temperaturas internas mediante termómetros ambientales, y externa mediante termopares y termografía aérea; y (c) la validación del modelo a través de la comparación de las temperaturas máximas y mínimas por día en las viviendas analizadas, contrastando las predicciones del modelo con los datos experimentales. Los resultados muestran que el modelo térmico es funcional. Se probó en distintas viviendas durante los meses de marzo y abril de 2024, obteniendo un error relativo absoluto medio porcentual del 4% respecto a la temperatura real de la vivienda. En los casos con mayores fluctuaciones climatológicas y de variación de temperaturas en los techos de las viviendas estudiadas, se observaron errores menores al 10%. Las temperaturas exteriores de los techos de las viviendas, como condición de frontera del modelo, pueden estimarse mediante tomografía aérea, lo que permite predecir, mediante técnicas de medición no invasivas, las temperaturas interiores de los tipos de viviendas analizadas con errores aceptables. Se espera que esta herramienta pueda utilizarse en el diagnóstico de materiales y la formulación de estrategias que promuevan la mejora de habitaciones para incentivar el confort térmico en comunidades rurales.
Currently, there is growing interest in improving the thermal efficiency of homes and buildings. It is important to develop models that analyze the thermal behavior of these buildings and suggest improvements to optimize comfort in housing infrastructure. In this work, a thermal model was developed that allows for the estimation of indoor temperatures in rural homes in the state of Michoacán using the electrical analogy method. The proposed methodology is based on three stages: (a) the formulation of a model from an electrical circuit system that is based on physical principles through the heat transfer and energy balance of a simple cubic housing system, where the thermal properties of the roof have been used, such as conductivity, area, thickness and density (b) the analysis of the thermal behavior of three types of houses with cement floors, baked clay brick walls and variable roofs of cement, asbestos sheets and black cardboard sheets, in which case internal temperatures have been recorded using ambient thermometers, and external temperatures using thermocouples and aerial thermography, and (c) the validation of the model through the comparison of the maximum and minimum temperatures per day in the analyzed houses, contrasting the predictions of the model with the experimental data. The results show that the thermal model is functional. It was tested in different homes during March and April 2024, obtaining an average absolute relative error of 4% with respect to the actual temperature of the home. In cases with greater climatic fluctuations and temperature variations on the roofs of the homes studied, errors were less than 10%. The exterior temperatures of the roofs of the homes, as a boundary condition of the model, can be estimated using aerial tomography, which allows the interior temperatures of the types of homes analyzed to be predicted with acceptable errors through non-invasive measurement techniques. It is expected that this tool can be used in the diagnosis of materials and the formulation of strategies that promote room improvements to encourage thermal comfort in rural communities.

Given the economic and tourism importance of the Shatt al-Arab River in Basra Governorate, this study aimed to evaluate the radiation levels in 20 sediment samples from different areas of the river. A gamma-ray spectrometer system coupled with a NaI(Tl) detector was used to determine the specific activities of the radioactive isotopes, 226 Ra, 232 Th and ⁴⁰K in the sediments. The specific activity values ​​ranged from 0–16.80 Bq /kg with a mean of 3.29 Bq /kg for 226 Ra, 0–4.31 Bq /kg with a mean of 1.08 Bq/kg for 232 Th, and 17.58–464.25 Bq /kg with a mean of 213.02 Bq /kg for ⁴⁰K. The internal and external doses, absorbed doses, and equivalent radioactivity (Raeq) were also calculated. The results showed that all radiological indicators and calculated doses were within the internationally permissible limits. The calculated annual testicular dose (AGED) was lower than the international limit (300 μSv·y⁻¹), and the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was lower than the internationally permissible value (2.9 × 10⁻³) according to the UNSCEAR 2000 report. The data were also statistically analyzed to compare sediments between four different areas of the Shatt al-Arab, and the results showed no statistically significant differences, with the highest radioactivity recorded in the riverbank sediments compared to the areas closer to the riverbed. This study represents an important first step towards developing an integrated radiological map of the Shatt al-Arab.

We propose a novel diagnostic framework to probe emergent structural behavior in finite quantum systems by applying the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) distance to Fisher information profiles. Using an exactly solvable fermionic SU(2) model with a spin-flip interaction, we study the competition between symmetric Dicke-like states and low-spin configurations, modulated by interaction strength V , particle number N, and inverse temperature β. We compute the Fisher information FN(V, β) for varying N, and evaluate its KS distance from the N = 2 reference case. This nonparametric distance captures the global dissimilarity of sensitivity curves. It reveals a sharp decline for V ≳ 1, signaling a crossover from finite-size dominated behavior to collective thermal coherence. At weak coupling, the KS distance remains large, indicating persistent structural sensitivity to finite-size fluctuations. Our results establish the KS distance as a sensitive and interpretable tool for tracking the onset of macroscopic stability and information redundancy in quantum thermodynamic systems. The observed suppression of Hilbert space dimensionality provides a clear thermodynamic signature of emergent collectivity. I

The Marwick-Sigmund model has been widely used to calculate the lateral spread of ions transmitted through matter. However, this model neglects the effect of ion energy loss within the target material. In this study, the model is employed to calculate the lateral spread distributions of MeV helium ions transmitted through carbon, aluminum, and copper targets. Ion energy loss is incorporated into the calculations using an approach analogous to that used for determining the angular distributions of transmitted ions. A comparison of our results with experimental data indicates that incorporating energy loss substantially enhances the overall agreement.

We analyze the problem of a free 1D Klein-Fock-Gordon-Majorana (KFGM) particle in an interval. By free, we mean that there is no potential within the interval and that its walls are penetrable; hence, the energy current density does not vanish at the walls. Certainly, quantization in an interval is not trivial because certain restrictions imposed by the domains of the operators involved arise. Here, our objective is to obtain the Hamiltonian for these particles. In practice, the Feshbach-Villars (FV)--free Hamiltonian is the proper operator for characterizing them and is a function of the momentum operator. Additionally, a Majorana condition must also be imposed on the wavefunctions on which these two operators can act. Thus, we start by calculating the pseudo self-adjoint momentum operator. A three-parameter set of boundary conditions (BCs) constitutes its domain. Up to this point, the domain of the Hamiltonian is induced by the domain of the momentum operator; however, we ensure that only the BCs for which the energy current density has the same value at each end of the interval are in its domain. All these BCs essentially belong to a one-parameter set of BCs. Moreover, because the FV equation is invariant under the operation of parity, the parity-transformed wavefunction is also a solution of this equation, which further restricts the domain of the free FV Hamiltonian. Finally, knowing the most general three-parameter set of BCs for the pseudo self-adjoint FV Hamiltonian for a 1D KFGM particle in an interval, we find that only two BCs can remain within the domain of the FV--free Hamiltonian: the periodic BC and the antiperiodic BC. These BCs are satisfied by both the two-component FV wavefunction, with these components being related, and the one-component KFG wavefunction, which can be real or imaginary.

The fractional scale transform is introduced and studied to develop a new pattern recognition system invariant to scale, translation, and rotation. This system was also implemented with the fractional Mellin transform, and the results were compared with those obtained with the fractional scale transform. The analysis was performed to classify 30 phytoplankton species. For both transformations, optimal orders were found for each species. This study implemented nonlinear correlation and adaptive nonlinear correlation for the classification stage. The system achieved a mean accuracy of 0.998 with nonlinear correlation and 0.999 with adaptive nonlinear correlation.

This work reports the synthesis of a gallium oxide (Ga2O3)–silica composite within a silica matrix via a modified sol-gel process, with the novelty residing in the incorporation of Ga2O3 during the condensation stage. In conventional sol-gel synthesis of silica matrices or nanoparticles, ethanol and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) are mixed prior to hydrolysis, followed by a distinct condensation step. Typically, the incorporation of a second material into a silica matrix, such as micro-or nanoparticles, is carried out in a separate step using techniques like spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or sputtering. In contrast, the present approach enables the formation of a Ga2O3–silica composite during the condensation step, thereby eliminating the need for post-synthesis deposition methods. This is achieved by introducing a Ga2O3 suspension into the TEOS solution prior to hydrolysis. Samples were fabricated by dropcasting both standard and modified sols onto glass substrates, with each layer formed by three successive drops. The functionalization and structural characteristics of the resulting materials were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). These characterization techniques confirmed the successful integration of Ga2O3 within the silica matrix. In particular, EFM measurements distinguished between silica and Ga2O3 domains based on surface charge amplitude. The results demonstrate that both the Ga2O3 concentration in the colloidal suspension and the number of deposited layers significantly influence the crystalline structure and morphology of the silica matrix. This simple modification to the sol-gel method is proposed as a general and scalable strategy for the synthesis of metal oxide–silica composites and the functionalization of silica-based materials.

Radiation exposure in mammograms can vary significantly between centres, affecting diagnostic quality and patient safety. In Trujillo, Peru, there were no absorbed dose values adjusted to local mammography practices. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in digital mammography in the EsSalud hospital network in Trujillo. A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in three hospitals, analyzing 133 digital mammograms obtained with Hologic Selenia Dimensions equipment, collecting technical data such as kilovoltage (kV), tube load (in mAs), compression force and average glandular dose (AGD), processed using automated systems. The DRLs were determined based on the 75th percentile of the doses for each projection (craniocaudal, CC, and mediolateral oblique, MLO), obtaining average AGD values of 1.76 mGy for the CC projection and 2.22 mGy for MLO. These values are proposed as local DRLs and are consistent with the standards of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). It is concluded that the implementation of local DRLs allows deviations to be identified, thereby optimizing technical protocols in mammography, where automated dose management and periodic review ensure exposure levels remain within safe ranges and improve diagnostic quality. These DRLs drive continuous improvement in radiation protection and underscore the importance of ongoing assessments to ensure safe and effective clinical practices.

In this work, we investigate the energy levels and optimization of intrinsic parameters (such as number and width of wells, potential barrier width, refractive index, etc.) and extrinsic parameters (including temperature and pressure) in a laser diode based on the GaInP/AlGaInP structure. The computational techniques employed include the pseudo-empirical potential method to determine the electronic band structures and a graphical method for optimization. Our results are consistent with experimental and theoretical results.

This work presents a comparative study of interpolation schemes for the Particle-Mesh step in Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations of nonlinear electron-ion dynamics, emphasizing an OpenMP parallel implementation of a modified cubic B-Spline kernel. The modified B-spline introduces a small, zero-mean perturbation close to the standard cubic B-Spline to mimic microscale fluctuations and mitigate oscillations caused by superparticle clustering. We compare this approach against non-parallel modified B-spline, classical cubic B-Spline, and trilinear (cloud-in-cell) interpolation. We propose a three-dimensional cubic benchmark with controlled initial conditions (following Brieda) to ensure a fair comparison. The metrics include the number of electrons, the electric field, and the conservation of energy. The classical modified B-Spline consistently attenuates noise and suppresses oscillations relative to the CIC and the standard cubic kernel, while preserving force accuracy and not degrading energy conservation beyond baseline levels. The OpenMP implementation achieves substantial speedups; the per-thread, seedable randomization adds only marginal overhead and maintains parallel scalability. Sensitivity analyzes (perturbation amplitude and random seed) indicate stable behavior and reproducibility. Overall, the OpenMP-parallel randomized cubic B-Spline provides a favorable trade-off between accuracy, robustness, and performance, making it a practical option for high-fidelity PIC of nonlinear electron-ion plasmas.

This study presents a comprehensive first-principles investigation of the structural, electronic, optical, elastic, and thermoelectric properties of the novel half-Heusler compounds FrYBi (Y = Ca, Sr, Ba). Employing density functional theory (DFT) with both the GGA-PBE and mBJ-GGA approximations, we determine that these compounds crystallise in the cubic Clb structure and exhibit indirect band gaps ranging from 0.97 to 1.35 eV, confirming their semiconducting nature. Detailed optical analyses reveal high absorption coefficients, pronounced reflectivity, and favourable dielectric responses within the visible spectrum, indicating potential for optoelectronic applications. Calculations of the elastic properties demonstrate that all compounds are mechanically stable and exhibit ductile behaviour. Thermoelectric analysis indicates high Seebeck coefficients alongside good electrical conductivity, particularly at low to moderate temperatures, suggesting promising performance for energy conversion applications. These findings position FrYBi alloys as compelling candidates for next-generation thermoelectric and optoelectronic devices.

Physiological studies often involve recording multiple observations (e.g., repeated muscle contractions or cardiac cycles) from the same subject. To compare groups of subjects, observations from one subject are then sometimes pooled with observations from other subjects in the same group, and analyses are performed on these pooled data. This approach presents a number of potential problems, including over- or under-representing certain subjects in the sample and non-independence of measurements. There are statistical methods available to deal with repeated measures, but many make assumptions about the distribution and completeness of data. Instead, we developed a method to deal with multiple observations from physiological data that ensures that each subject is represented only once in the analysis (i.e. it avoids pseudoreplication), and makes no assumptions about the distribution of the data. We demonstrate this method using two different physiological datasets: (1) muscle recordings taken from Drosophila melanogaster larvae during fictive crawling, and (2) electrocardiogram recordings taken from human volunteers before, during, and after exercise. Our results show the broad applicability and validity of this method.

An effective Lagrangian for Yang-Mills theories with an arbitrary number of extra dimensions is constructed. We start from a field theory governed by the extra-dimensional Poincar\' e group ${\rm ISO}(1,3+n)$ and by the extended gauge group ${\rm SU}(N,{\cal M}^{4+n})$, which is characterized by an unknown energy scale $\Lambda$ and is assumed to be valid at energies far below this scale. Assuming that the size of the extra dimensions is much larger than the distance scale at which this theory is valid, an effective theory with symmetry groups ${\rm ISO}(1,3)$ and ${\rm SU}(N,{\cal M}^{4})$ is constructed. The transition between such theories is carried out via a canonical transformation that allows us to hide the extended symmetries ${\rm ISO}(1,3+n)\otimes {\rm SU}(N,{\cal M}^{4+n})$ into the standard symmetries ${\rm ISO}(1,3)\otimes {\rm SU}(N,{\cal M}^{4})$, and thus endow the Kaluza-Klein gauge fields with mass. Using a set of orthogonal functions $\{f^{(\underline{0})},f^{(\underline{m})}(\bar x)\}$, which is generated by the Casimir invariant $\bar {P}^2$ associated with the translations subgroup $T(n)\subset {\rm ISO}(n)$, the degrees of freedom of ${\rm ISO}(1,3+n)\otimes {\rm SU}(N,{\cal M}^{4+n})$ are expanded via a general Fourier series, whose coefficients are the degrees of freedom of ${\rm ISO}(1,3)\otimes {\rm SU}(N,{\cal M}^{4})$. It is shown that these functions, which correspond to the projection on the coordinates basis $\{|\bar{x} \big >\}$ of the discrete basis $\{|0\big >,|p^{(\underline{m})}\big >\}$ generated by $\bar {P}^2$, play a central role in defining the effective theory. It is shown that those components along the base state $f^{(\underline{0})}=\big <\bar x|0\big>$ do not receive mass at the compactification scale, so they are identified with the standard Yang-Mills fields; but components along excited states $f^{(\underline{m})}=\big <\bar x|p^{(\underline{m})}\big>$ do receive mass at this scale, so they correspond to Kaluza-Klein excitations. In particular, it is shown that associated with any direction $|p^{(\underline{m})}\neq0\big >$ there are a massive gauge field and a pseudo-Goldstone boson. Some resemblances of this mass-generating mechanism with the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism are stressed.

Fractional calculus is a crucial mathematical tool for understanding complex systems across various fields, such as physics, engineering, and biology. This work delves into the intricate task of computing fractional order derivatives, which typically necessitates numerical methods due to their inherent complexity. We present a comprehensive comparative study of three significant numerical techniques: the Riemann-Liouville, Grunwald-Letnikov, and Caputo derivatives. The study begins with a thorough examination of fractional order derivatives, highlighting their fundamental importance in modern scientific research. We investigate basic transcendental functions—sine, cosine, and exponential—due to their vital role in modeling real-world systems. Our research reveals the complex relationship between sensitivity and precision by consistently computing fractional derivatives across various orders. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is employed for statistical validation to enhance the credibility of our findings, demonstrating that fractional derivatives can reliably represent underlying data patterns. Consequently, this study significantly advances our understanding of fractional order derivatives and underscores the importance of carefully handling fractional orders in diverse applications. These findings support the reliability of data analytics and deepen our comprehension of the behavior of complex systems. An important application of this work lies in the modeling and control of viscoelastic materials, where fractional calculus provides a powerful framework for accurately capturing memory-dependent behaviors and complex stress-strain relationships.

In a model-independent context, we perform a systematic and detailed study of the fermion flavor masses and mixings. In this analysis, we present a most general parameterization form of the $3 \times 3$ mass matrix, as well as the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata flavor mixing matrix, in terms of the fermionic masses and some free parameters. A likelihood test using the $\chi^{2}$ statistic is implemented to evaluate whether the theoretical expressions for the leptonic flavor mixing angles also reproduce the experimental data. The results of the $\chi^{2}$ fit show that the theoretical expressions obtained for the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata mixing matrix correctly reproduce the actual experimental data on neutrino oscillations.

In this work, we proposed a methodology based on the spin coating technique for the deposition of amorphous TiO 2 layers obtained by the sol-gel method onto flexible PET/ITO substrates intended for application in flexible organic solar cells (FOSCs). Spin-coated TiO 2 layers were used to investigate the influence of their optical and structural properties on the light absorption behavior of the P3HT:PCBM active layer, to integrate the photovoltaic system PET/ITO/TiO 2 /P3HT:PCBM. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the amorphous nature of TiO 2 . The average particle size was 216 nm according to SEM results. UV-Vis measurements of TiO 2 layers showed a transmittance greater than 65% and a bandgap of 3.77 eV, which corresponds to the bandgap of amorphous TiO 2 , making them a novel material for electromagnetic radiation to reach the P3HT:PCBM absorber layer and generate excitons within it. A high light absorbance zone (300-550 nm) and a weak light zone (650-900 nm) were found. FT-IR spectra revealed the characteristic absorbance bands of Ti−O at 523 cm -1 and Ti−O−Ti at 434 cm -1 . AFM images revealed a uniform distribution of TiO 2 onto PET/ITO, and  the typical P3HT:PCBM microstructure. This methodology enables the deposition of TiO 2 layers at room temperature without the use of any additional chemical bonding agents, which is a key factor for low - temperature fabrication of FOSCs.

We investigated the potential of the double perovskite halides Rb 2 YAuX 6 (X = Br, Cl) for renewable energy applications using density functional theory (DFT) with the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. These compounds are structurally stable in the cubic Fm-3m phase and demonstrate excellent mechanical strength. Electronic structure calculations revealed that the compounds are indirect band gap semiconductors, with energy gaps ranging from 1.58 to 2.01 eV when using the PBE-GGA approximation, and from 3.49 to 3.70 eV when using the TB-mBJ potential. Optical analysis shows strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption and low reflectivity in the visible range. We estimated the thermodynamic properties as a function of temperature using the quasi-harmonic Debye model. Key thermal parameters, including entropy, specific heat capacity, and the Debye temperature, were calculated to evaluate thermal stability at high temperatures. These results are crucial for evaluating the suitability of Rb 2 YAuX 6 (X = Br, Cl) compounds for use in industrial and high-temperature environments. This work represents the first predictive theoretical investigation of these materials, as no prior experimental or computational studies have been conducted on them. Our findings suggest that these double perovskites could be ideal for next-generation photovoltaic and energy harvesting applications.

This study investigates the full-Heusler (FH) ferromagnetic compound, Ir 2 MnZ (Z=Sn, Si) half-metallic (HM) characteristics through first-principal calculations within the density functional theory (DFT) framework. Utilizing spin-polarized calculations and employing the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave (FP-LAPW) method, with the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) and the modified Becke-Johnson (mBJ) potential. Both ferromagnetic (FM) and non-magnetic (NM) phases of Cu 2 MnAl-type and Hg 2 CuTi-type structures were analyzed. The results indicate that the FM phase in the Cu 2 MnAl-type structure is the most stable for both alloys. Electronic analysis reveals half-metallic ferromagnetism with integer magnetic moments of 5.0 μ B . Mechanical parameters such as bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio confirm the mechanical stability of both alloys. The half-metallic bandgaps are calculated as 0.644 eV for Ir 2 MnSi and 0.23 eV for Ir 2 MnSn. Thermodynamic properties, including heat capacity and Debye temperature, were evaluated using the quasi-harmonic Debye model, offering insights into the thermal stability of Ir 2 MnZ. The robust HM characteristics of these compounds make them interesting candidates for spintronic devices   

Organic–inorganic halide hybrid perovskites have been extensively investigated for a range of optoelectronic applications, including tandem solar cells. However, instability and lead toxicity in widely studied hybrid halide perovskites (HHPs) necessitate the exploration of non-toxic semiconductor alternatives. Here, we investigate the structural and optoelectronic properties of formamidinium silicon iodide (FASiI 3 ) using two complementary computational frameworks: the GGA–PBE functional and TB-mBJ exchange-correlation potential. Our results show that FASiI 3 crystallizes in a cubic lattice (space group Pm3m) with an equilibrium lattice parameter a = 6.29 Å. Electronic structure calculations reveal that the TB–mBJ approach provides a more reliable description of FASiI 3 ’s semiconducting behavior, yielding a direct band gap conducive to photovoltaic operation. Optical analyses indicate pronounced anisotropy in the reflectivity and absorption spectra along the (xx) and (zz) axes, with absorption coefficients exceeding 10 5 cm −1 in the near-infrared (NIR) region of the solar spectrum. These findings underscore FASiI 3 ’s potential as a lead-free, environmentally benign perovskite with robust light-harvestingcapabilities for next-generation photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.

In this paper we present the analytic solution to the problem of bound states of the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation in 1D and its properties, in the presence of external potentials, in the form of finite square wells or attractive Dirac deltas, as well as stable solitons for repulsive defects. We show that the GP equation can be mapped to a first-order non-autonomous dynamical system, whose solutions can sometimes be written in terms of known functions. The formal solutions of this non-conservative system can be written with the help of Glauber-Trotter formulas or a series of ordered exponentials in the coordinate $x$. With this we illustrate how to solve any nonlinear problem based on a construction due to Mello and Kumar for the linear case (layered potentials). For the benefit of the reader, we comment on the difference between the integrability of a quantum system and the solvability of the wave equation.

The need to generate ohmic contact between a metal and a semiconductor is fundamental for the development of electronic devices or integrated circuits.  The aim of this report is to study the electrical contact between platinum, silver and gold to p-type cupric oxide films. Thermal oxidation was carried out on copper sheets at 1000 °C for 24 h to grown cupric oxide films. The metal/cupric oxide contacts were fabricated by evaporation of the metals on the surface of the cupric oxide films by the direct-current sputtering method. Determination of the crystal structure of the cupric oxide films was determined by the X-ray diffraction technique. Electrical characterization of the metal/cupric oxide films was performed by current-voltage measurements, where, independently of the metal used for the contact, all graphs exhibited ohmic behavior. Energy band diagrams of the metal/cupric oxide contact were developed based on the Schottky-Mott model. Current-voltage measurements matched well with the energy band diagrams only for platinum, which was favored by the high value of the work function of platinum. Conversely, the energy band diagrams corresponding to the silver/cupric oxide and gold/cupric oxide contacts, exhibited rectifying behavior. It was suggested that the mismatch between the current-voltage measurements and the energy band diagrams was due to the presence of defects at the surface of cupric oxide films, which led to the pinning of the Fermi level through the metal/semiconductor junction, making the contact, independent of the work functions.

A wide variety of two-dimensional (2D) materials provide an optional route for manipulating heat fluxes at the nanoscale. Nowadays, 2D carbon-based materials have received important attention due to their adjustable transport properties by a controlled tuning of composition, junction, geometry, etc. In the present paper, we address the thermal transport properties of the B-C-N (Boron-Carbon-Nitride) monolayers and graphene/X (X=hBN, hSiC, and graphane) nanoribbon heterojunctions by performing non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that the carbon concentration modifies the thermal conductivity of B-C-N monolayers at a mean temperature of 300 K, producing values of 29.47, 28.94, and 16.58 W/m−K for concentrations of 90, 10, and 50%, respectively. Nevertheless, no major effect of carbon concentration on the temperature profile of B-C-N monolayers is observed. On the other hand, the mean temperature influences the interface thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of coplanar graphene/X nanoribbon heterojunctions, these variations are observed for the forward direction of the heat flux, modulating the temperature drop at the interface. Besides, graphene/hBN and graphene/graphane heterojunctions show a pronounced thermal rectification at a mean temperature below 300 K, compared to graphene/hSiC heterojunction. In which the heat fluxes present an asymmetry in the j−∆ curve, highlighting that the heat flux in the backward direction preferentially flows from X (hBN and graphane) to graphene nanoribbons.

The economic and environmental problems regarding of wastes encourage the researchers to reuse the wastes and produce new materials. Waste glass is a kind of industrial waste and attracts attention among the wastes. The goal for performing the study is to evaluate waste glasses obtained by our daily routines and to determine radiation shielding abilities of the materials based on other industrial wastes. With this purpose, three samples including both waste glass and industrial wastes (Bayburt stone dust and Oltu stone dust) were produced by mixing in different ratios. Also, tungsten was added to the samples in order to improve the protection ability. The Phy-X/PSD code was used to determine the radiation protection parameters. In addition to the shielding investigation, structural properties were provided based on EPR, XRD, and SEM-EDS spectroscopic techniques. It is obtained that the shielding performance of the sample including Bayburt stone dust and marble waste with tungsten addition is the highest. The least one is achieved for the sample including Oltu stone dust and marble dust with tungsten addition. Neutron shielding capabilities are also found same as photon shielding. It can be concluded that the newly prepared samples consisting of waste glass in order to support reusing and recycling have good protective features and the usage of the samples can be recommended.

Global energy requirement is accelerating on daily basis resulting in energy void which leads to human quest to find simple and cost-effective solutions. A promising resolution is the application of renewable energy with thermo-mechanical conversion systems such as Stirling engines. Considerable effort is in hand at industry and academia domains to stimulate the development of Stirling technology. An encouraging answer to this problem is the revival of Stirling engines with the modification of Shape Memory Alloy Nitinol in it. In this regard two dimensions of engineering i.e., Stirling Engine and Shape Memory Alloy were studied and combined. The results of this integration reveal that addition of Nitinol spring enhances the overall efficiency of engine, demonstrating affirmative impact of shape memory alloy towards performance output of Stirling engine. The name of newly modified engine is coined as STIRNOL ENGINE (combination of Stirling and Nitinol). This research focuses on modelling of both engines in ANSYS Software and subsequent conduct of computational analysis.

To analyze the temporal behavior of a fission nuclear reactor, the system of differential equations known as modified point kinetics has been widely used. It is well-known that the stability of the system depends on reactivity. Therefore, it is of interest to model different situations that may occur in a nuclear reactor. From the modified point kinetics equations, which is a set of two ordinary differential equations, a set of three first-order coupled linear equations can be constructed by taking an appropriate variable change. Taking reactivity ρ = ρ(x) as a variable parameter, we perform a stability analysis using the theory of dynamical systems. Furthermore, considering a more general case by taking the reactivity ρ = ρ(x, t) depending on time, the set of differential equations become nonlinear and nonautonomous, To determine the asymptotic stability of solutions for the system, a Lyapunov function V (x, t) is constructed, and also particular cases of reactivity ρ(x, t) are analyzed using the Kosambi Cartan Chern theory.