ZrO₂:Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ and ZrO₂:Yb³⁺–Tm³⁺ upconverting nanoparticles were synthesized through a surfactant-assisted sol–gel method and systematically evaluated to determine the effect of dopant concentration on their structural, photoluminescent, and photothermal properties under near-infrared (NIR) excitation. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of predominantly monoclinic ZrO₂ with minor tetragonal contributions, while scanning electron microscopy revealed semi-spherical nanoparticles with homogeneous lanthanide distribution. Under 975 nm laser irradiation, Yb³⁺ ions acted as sensitizers, enabling energy transfer to Er³⁺ or Tm³⁺ activator ions and generating characteristic visible and NIR upconversion emissions. Furthermore, photothermal measurements showed a concentration-dependent temperature increase, reaching up to 110.2 °C for Er³⁺-doped and 107.6 °C for Tm³⁺ doped nanoparticles after 3 min of irradiation. Increasing dopant concentration enhanced NIR absorption and promoted non-radiative relaxation pathways through cross-relaxation processes, improving heat generation while modulating emission intensity. These results demonstrate that dopant concentration plays a critical role in balancing luminescent output and thermal conversion efficiency, providing an effective strategy for optimizing multifunctional nanoplatforms for integrated optical imaging and photothermal therapy applications.

Understanding how individual protection and population density influence epidemic spreading remains a central challenge in epidemiology.
While classical compartmental models successfully describe the temporal evolution of epidemics, they do not explicitly account for the microscopic motion and spatial organisation of individuals.
Here, we investigate contagion dynamics using an agent-based model of Active Brownian Particles (ABPs), where self-propelled agents interact through local contact and a prescribed fraction of the population is protected.
By systematically varying the protected-agent fraction and the population density, we identify two distinct contagion regimes separated by a critical protection threshold of approximately $30\%$ .
Below this threshold, the maximum contagion rate follows the universal scaling $\nu_{\mathrm{max}}\propto\phi^{1/2}$ , indicating that disease transmission is governed primarily by frequency of encounters.
Above the threshold, universal scaling is lost and protection becomes the dominant mechanism controlling epidemic spreading, with the strongest suppression occurring in low-density populations.
These results demonstrate that microscopic active-matter models provide a powerful framework for investigating epidemic dynamics beyond the assumptions of well-mixed population models and reveal how spatial organisation and individual protection jointly determine contagion dynamics.

In this study, the synthesis of alkaline earth metal fluoride (Me = Ca, Sr, and Ba) was carried out in the form of a polycrystalline powder, using the coprecipitation method. They were characterized through XRD, SEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis absorption, PL, and TL techniques. The XRD diffractograms found the structural characteristics of the material changed when subjected to a heat treatment of 500°C. The SEM micrographs of the samples of alkaline earth fluorides (CaF2, SrF2 and BaF2) show formations of large agglomerates made up of small monoclinic particles (those of larger size) and spherical (smaller size), in which there are well-defined borders. The elemental composition for each of the alkaline earth fluorides was found, the presence of Cl and O is attributed to F-type color centers. Presence of OH (hydroxyl group) attributed to the absorbed water is observed in the samples has a relationship with the morphology of the samples. Through the UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra, the presence of absorption bands (located between 220 and 350 nm) and emission bands (located between 400 and 600 nm) were found, corresponding to F-type color centers. and M in the crystalline red structure. It is ruled out that the thermal treatment modifies the absorption and emission bands of the samples. The thermoluminescent response of the samples was determined and it was found that there is an effect of the size of the cation on the thermoluminescence of the alkaline earth fluorides when subjecting them to a heat treatment of 500°C. Synthesizing alkaline earth fluorides using smaller cations improves sensitivity to UV radiation (254 nm) and X-ray (photons produced by a LINAC at 6 MeV´s) and finally increases the depth of the trap.

This work presents a review of the thermodynamics of a van der Waals fluid by explicitly incorporating pairwise molecular interactions and the finite size of particles into the statistical-mechanical description. Starting from the Lennard–Jones potential, we evaluate the second virial coefficient to infer the virial expansion of the equation of state and recover the van der Waals equation using only its leading correction. The corresponding partition function allows us to obtain all thermodynamic potentials for both monoatomic and diatomic fluids in a consistent and unified manner.
Building on this framework, we formulate and solve analytically the Clausius–Clapeyron equation in the vicinity of the critical point, obtaining the liquid-vapor coexistence curve in closed form. This approach not only clarifies the microscopic origin of van der Waals thermodynamics but also complements—and in several aspects improves upon—traditional treatments that rely heavily on numerical methods or heuristic arguments.
In addition, because the van der Waals equation naturally predicts the liquid–vapor equilibrium, the existence of critical points, and the functional form of the saturation curve of the pressure as a function of temperature, it provides an analytically tractable framework for studying a 150-year-old problem that has historically been addressed using graphical constructions or numerical solutions. As such, the formulation developed here offers a coherent and conceptually unified route to understand phase coexistence in simple fluids from first principles.

Pulse propagation in optical fibers featuring non-Kerr nonlinear responses is investigated in the presence of medium inhomogeneities. The light dynamics are modeled by a nonautonomous nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation that incorporates time-dependent group-velocity dispersion, intermodal dispersion, self-steepening, nonlinear dispersion, and either dissipation or amplification. Using a similarity-transformation framework, we construct nonautonomous soliton solutions of bright, dark, kink, and anti-kink types, and derive the associated frequency chirp for each waveform. The analysis reveals that the chirp scales with the squared field intensity and is strongly influenced by the self-steepening and nonlinear-dispersion coefficients. Furthermore, we examine the propagation characteristics of these solitons within control schemes where the second-order dispersion is modulated periodically or exponentially. In particular, we analyze in detail how group-velocity dispersion affects the soliton evolution, both in the absence and in the presence of a modulated gain/loss term. Our findings demonstrate that, depending on the selected dispersion profile and gain/loss parameters, these nonautonomous solitons exhibit a wide range of rich dynamical behaviors.

A simple simulational model, based on the Lennard-Jones potential but adapted to non-spherical geometries and suggested as a possible model for red blood cells, is examined and is found to form aggregates at high interaction strengths that are reminiscent of those associated with various blood pathologies.

The bound state solutions of the Dirac equation are obtained for spin and pseudospin symmetries, using the hyperbolic Hulthen potential in conjunction with a hyperbolic exponential inversely quadratic potential. The generalized fractional parametric Nikiforov-Uvarov method was employed to derive the energy eigenvalue equation and the unnormalized wave function in a clear and concise manner, which corresponds with the classical case when α = β = 1. We obtained the nonrelativistic energy formula by incorporating the nonrelativistic limit into the relativistic spin energy eigen equation. We have numerically estimated the bound state energies in both spin symmetry and pseudospin symmetry numerically. We compared the numerical results with existing literature to evaluate the precision of the work, and the findings demonstrated excellent agreement with the established research. We derived the partition function and various thermodynamic properties by utilizing the concise form of the nonrelativistic energy formula. We conclude that the fractional parameter is crucial in determining the numerical bound state energies, spin symmetry, pseudospin symmetry, thermal properties, and superstatics.

NASICON glass-ceramic was obtained by Solid-State Synthesis at low temperature, 750°C. According to the morphological analysis, XRD shows evidence of the NASICON characteristic peaks (Na 2 O−Y 2 O 3 −P 2 O 5 −SiO 2 ). Material’s thermoluminescence results are promising to be considered as candidate for dosimetry due to the glow curve presented when exposed to UV irradiation and the glow curve intensity enhances with the annealing temperature increase. Between the sample without thermal treatment (NYPS-0) and the sample with 6 h of annealing time (NPYS-3), the intensity increased 650 times due to the N3 phase in the network. Additionally, we have performed the de-convolution process and the kinetic parameters were calculated.

The crystal phase of NaYF4 is one of the key factors governing the efficiency of rare-earth upconversion luminescence. In this work, the influence of crystal phase on the upconversion luminescence of NaYF4 : Yb3+, Er3+ submicron particles synthesized by a solvothermal method was systematically investigated. Polyethyleneimine (PEI), pH, and precursor concentrations were optimized to obtain predominantly cubic (α − NaYF4 : Yb3+, Er3+ ) and hexagonal (β − NaYF4 : Yb3+, Er3+ ) samples. X-ray diffraction confirmed that increasing the NH4F concentration promotes the α → β phase transformation. The hexagonal phase exhibited a remarkable enhancement of the upconversion emission, with the green and red bands increasing by approximately 33 and 6 times, respectively, compared with the purely cubic sample. Power-dependent measurements confirmed a two-photon energy-transfer upconversion mechanism. Fluorescence lifetime measurements revealed longer decay times in samples containing the β phase, although the lifetimes did not vary monotonically with the apparent hexagonal phase content, indicating that synthesis-dependent structural characteristics also influence the relaxation dynamics. 

This research presents a lifetime, organ-specific assessment of internal cancer risk associated with chronic dietary exposure to naturally occurring alpha-emitting radionuclides in wheat flour. Twenty-one commercially available wheat flour products commonly consumed in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq were investigated. Radon activity measurements were used to estimate radium activity concentrations, annual intake, organ-specific equivalent doses, and cumulative cancer risks for exposure periods ranging from 1 to 70 years.
The estimated radium activity concentrations were relatively low, ranging from 0.05 to 0.23 Bq kg−1, with a mean value of 0.11 Bq kg−1; however, approximately four-fold variation was observed among the investigated products. The main contribution of this study is the development of an organ-resolved and time-dependent risk assessment framework that distinguishes cumulative radiation-induced risk pathways for the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine under long-term exposure conditions. The large intestine exhibited the highest projected lifetime risk, followed by the stomach and small intestine, which is attributed to differences in physiological residence times and organ-specific dosimetric factors.
For long-term dietary exposure periods of 60–70 years, the mean projected cancer risks were estimated as 2.579–3.009, 1.891–2.210, and 0.614–0.717 cases per year per million population for the colon, stomach, and small intestine, respectively. Relative to global epidemiological cancer incidence data, the contribution of wheat flour-associated radionuclide exposure to colorectal, stomach, and small intestine cancer risks was estimated to be 0.69%, 1.85%, and 2.6%, respectively, under the considered exposure assumptions.
The consistency of the proposed cumulative risk model is supported by the approximately linear dose–response behavior observed for the investigated organs. This study provides baseline radiological data and a transferable organ-specific lifetime risk assessment approach for evaluating internal alpha radiation exposure through dietary pathways.

In this note, we care to study the degeneracy of the zero modes for a spin- $1/2$ charged particle in a one-dimensional space. We analyze the arguments proposed by Aharonov and Casher in a two-dimensional space. In two dimensions the zero energy states are constructed in terms on a scalar potential $\lambda(x,y)$ , which is uniquely determined. We show that in one dimension it is possible the existence of an infinite family of the scalar potentials. This family is determined by a quantum number $k$ , which is restricted by the relation $|k| < \frac{1}{2} \int dx B(x)$ , where $B(x)$ is a scalar field localized in a restricted region of the space. This implies that the degeneracy of the zero energy states is infinite, which contrasts with the two dimensional case in which the degeneracy is finite. This becomes the model an interesting system to describe an insulator. Finally we apply our results to a two dimensional case in which magnetic field have a translational symmetry along a direction.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) records the biopotentials generated by muscle activity and represents a promising interface for human–machine interaction. The development of motorized upper-limb orthoses requires classification systems with high accuracy and low latency that can be implemented on low-cost embedded hardware. To develop a low-cost sEMG signal acquisition and processing system capable of classifying seven forearm movement patterns for intuitive control of an upper-limb orthosis, using a robust methodology for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction. A dataset with 264 samples per class was constructed. From these signals, 21 time-domain descriptors were extracted. For dimensionality reduction and computational feasibility, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied as an unsupervised method, followed by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as a supervised method. Final classification was performed using a Random Forest model. PCA reduced dimensionality to five principal components, explaining 96.23\% of the cumulative variance and highlighting shape descriptors such as skewness and kurtosis. LDA showed that the first discriminant (LD1) accounts for 67.12\% of the discriminant variance, with dynamic variables MAVS and AAC being the most relevant for separating physiologically similar movements. The Random Forest classifier achieved an overall accuracy of 83.78\%. The combination of PCA and LDA for dimensionality reduction, together with Random Forest for classification, constitutes an effective and computationally viable solution for controlling assistive devices. The results validate the proposed methodology as a foundation for developing upper-limb orthoses controlled by muscle signals.

Multicomponent vitreous-ceramic hosts composed of lithium tetraborate and a NaSICON-type material, containing silver nanoparticles (NPs) and doped with Sm 3+ , were synthesized using the melt-quenching method with temperature ramps designed to ensure the in situ formation of amorphous Li 2 B 4 O 7 hosts and NPs. UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy was performed in the range of 350–1650 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) behavior is reported from 525 nm to 725 nm using a 405 nm source diode laser. To analyze the material’s morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed. Additionally, optical and physical properties were determined based on the absorbances and average density of the materials; bandgap, average absorption coefficient, average NP diameter, molar volume, and boron-to-boron distance. The characteristic spectral bands of Sm 3+ were observed, as well as the generation of plasmons on the surfaces of the metallic NPs and the enhancement of the absorption spectra due to plasmon-ion interaction. Nevertheless, quenching was observed in the emission spectra due to Ag NP reabsorption of Sm 3+ emissions. NaSICON contributed to a broad (350–1650 nm) energy absorption effect due to non-radiative transitions within the material (phonons). The amorphous structures and the possible presence of NaSICON-type N5 phases were observed via XRD. An increase in the molar volume of the NaSICON samples was observed, and boron-to-boron distances also increased, indicating the existence of impurities in the solid lattice. The presence of NaSICON in the multicomponent matrix caused the solid’s lattice to expand.

Magneto-Optical Traps (MOTs) are versatile systems that have been used not only for fundamental science but also for real-world technological applications, including high precision measurements, atomic clocks, atom interference, quantum simulations and even precursors for quantum gases. Dual MOTs make use of two atomic species opening the window to more interesting applications. The implementation of dual MOTs is engineering challenging, and it comprises a series of specific elements such as a vacuum system, a laser system and a control system. Here we report the first demonstration of a dual Magneto-Optical Trap in Mexico based on 133Cs and 87Rb isotopes. We provide a comprehensive description of the design, implementation, and characterization of the system and its key sub-systems. We also include inter-species collision dynamics by reporting a value for the loss rate due to inter-species collisions, β ′ Rb−Cs = (1.1 ± 0.58) × 10−10 cm3 s −1 . The demonstration of the whole system paves the way to potential applications based on dual MOTs such as dual atomic clocks, differential gravimeters, inter-species dynamics and even ultracold molecules

Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) are introduced in the context of CMOS-MEMS integration. The basis of the electrostatic transducer is discussed, with the CMUT as a case study. The most important equations for linear modeling are summarized from the literature review and explained in detail for their use in obtaining the small-signal model, which is relevant for circuit-level simulation in Intravascular Ultrasound Systems (IVUS). Finally, the latter concepts are applied to implement the small-signal model of a single CMUT device in an integrated circuit simulator (Cadence Virtuoso), yielding interesting CMUT responses for the development of the CMUT analog front-end.

Hamiltonian structure provides a useful way of separating conservative wave propagation from dissipation, boundary fluxes and numerical artifacts. We present an energy-conserving Hamiltonian formulation for acoustic and one-dimensional Biot poroelastic wave propagation. For the acoustic equation, the Lagrangian density, canonical momentum and Hamiltonian functional are derived, and the associated energy balance is written with its explicit boundary flux. For the poroelastic case, we formulate the lossless low-frequency Biot equations in canonical variables using the solid displacement and the relative fluid displacement. A compression-positive pore-pressure convention, pf = −MB (αux + wx), yields a positive elastic energy and recovers the coupled solid-fluid equations without spurious cancellation of the coupling term. Positivity of the inertial and stiffness matrices, characteristic fast and slow compressional speeds, and a first-order symmetric hyperbolic representation are then obtained. Darcy drag is incorporated as a dissipative perturbation, leading to an energy inequality. A structure-preserving semi-discretization is derived from the discrete Hamiltonian and advanced with a leapfrog/Störmer-Verlet method. Numerical experiments verify bounded energy error in the lossless case, second-order convergence, propagation of the two Biot branches, and controlled energy decay under Darcy damping. The resulting formulation provides an energy-stable baseline for acoustic and poroelastic wave simulations in conservative and weakly dissipative settings.

Ferroelectric ceramics are key materials for energy storage, sensing, and electronics, where understanding dielectric relaxation mechanisms (grain interiors, grain boundaries, electrode interfaces, and defect-related conduction) is essential for rational design. Although LCR meters are widely available and routinely provide frequency-dependent capacitance and resistance, the mechanistic information embedded in these data is rarely exploited beyond relative permittivity and loss tangent. This work presents a systematic step-by-step analytical framework that transforms standard LCR output into the complete set of impedance spectroscopy parameters: complex impedance (Z*), complex permittivity (ε*), dielectric modulus (M*), loss tangent (tanδ), and AC conductivity (σ ac ), together with their Nyquist and Cole–Cole representations. Each parameter is explicitly derived from LCR measurements and physically interpreted in terms of the underlying polarization and charge transport mechanisms. Validation is performed on sintered BaTiO 3 (BTO), a lead-free ferroelectric with thoroughly documented dielectric behavior, ensuring that any successful application of the framework must recover its known features. The Cole–Cole fit yields α = 0.2925, consistent with moderate microstructural heterogeneity, while the M" peak locates the dominant relaxation time at τ ≈ 1.6 × 10 −7 s, in agreement with reported values. The convergence of all representations into a self-consistent physical picture validates the methodology, which is directly transferable to any ferroelectric or dielectric ceramic, enabling comprehensive mechanistic analysis with standard LCR instrumentation.

One of the main problems in computational modelling using first-principles density functional theory is attaining the minimum energy structures, since current algorithms can easily mistake a saddle point in the potential energy surface for a minimum, giving rise to inconsistencies in the properties of the materials concerning their bulk counterparts. This situation is especially concerning in the case of porous semiconductors, such as silicon and germanium, since multiple pore morphologies and surface reconstructions could be attainable, depending on the initial geometries and calculation steps followed. In this work, we explore two different optimization schemes for porous Si and Ge, to understand said dependency: (1) starting from a hydrogen-passivated pore, with bulk geometry, and them optimize geometry; and, on the other hand, (2) optimize an unpassivated pore, allowing surface reconstruction, and then passivate remaining dangling bonds, optimizing once again. Their electronic structure and electron density were studied to identify the effects of the final atomic array on the electronic properties. The results show that surface reconstruction is more favorable for porous Si, while the opposite is true for porous Ge. The electronic band structures show reduced band gaps for the reconstruction cases, indicating that surface effects mask the quasi-confinement effects due to interstitials and other defects created by reconstruction and subsequent passivation

Lithium tetraborate (Li 2 B 4 O 7 ) glass matrices were synthesized using the melt-quenching technique, with a melting temperature of 1050 °C and a annealing treatment at 450 °C. The samples were co-doped with rare earth ions (Yb 3+ and Tm 3+ ) and incorporated the NASICON (Na 2 O−Y 2 O 3 −P 2 O 5 −SiO 2 ) crystalline material in its N5 phase (Na 5 YSi 4 O 12 ). Characterization via UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy revealed that the inclusion of NASICON enhances the absorption of electromagnetic energy in the matrix, promoting vibrational modes of the lattice. Under excitation at 980 nm and 808 nm, emission analysis demonstrated a significant increase in non-radiative transitions (phononic relaxations) of the lanthanide ions in the presence of NASICON. Furthermore, structural analysis indicated that this modifier increases the free volume between coordination units and elevates the local asymmetry of the system.

Among all the solar radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface, ultraviolet radiation stands out because of its direct impact on human health, ecosystems, and various materials. Globally, there is a scarcity of instruments for measuring surface ultraviolet radiation, and Mexico, in particular, lacks high-quality data in this regard. While satellite instruments capable of measuring ultraviolet radiation exist, their data needs to be compared with reliable ground measurements to ensure accuracy in protecting human health, understanding its effects on ecosystems, preserving materials, and improving efficiency. In this work, we calculate the transmittance of solar radiation in the UVA (400-315 nm) and UVB (315-280 nm) bands using terrestrial radiation data (POWER Data Methodology) and satellite radiation data (Program of NOAA Climate Change data records) at the La Mojonera community of Nahuatzen location in Michoacán, Mexico. Numerical simulations are conducted to compute the transmittance using the MODTRAN code, and the terrestrial radiation data from existing literature are compared with the expected values. This study demonstrates, through numerical simulations, that the terrestrial data on transmittance and irradiance in Mexico are quite different from what the theory suggests, and aims to demonstrate the feasibility of constructing an ultraviolet telescope in a rural area of Mexico.

Undoped and aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films were prepared by the sol–gel method using spin coating. The films exhibited the characteristic wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO with a preferential orientation along the c-axis. Surface and cross-sectional morphologies were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing noticeable differences between the doped and undoped films. The optical transmittance was approximately 77% in the UV–Vis spectral range. A significant decrease in electrical resistivity, of about three orders of magnitude, is observed upon Al doping, which is attributed to the donor character of Al in the ZnO lattice. These results highlight the influence of aluminum incorporation on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO thin films.

The polarization dynamics in supercontinuum generation in optical fibers are studied using a vector model based on the Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (GNLSE) with fractional-order dispersion. The influence of the fractional order of dispersion and the initial polarization state on the spectral, temporal, and polarimetric evolution of the propagated pulse is analyzed. The results show that fractional dispersion significantly modifies the spectral microstructure and local evolution in the wavelength-propagation distance plane, without substantially altering the global extent of the supercontinuum. In the vector regime considered, the polarimetric dynamics manifest themselves in a localized manner, as evidenced by the evolution of the Stokes parameters. However, the degree of spectral polarization by bands remains close to unity for all fractional orders and initial polarization states analyzed. This indicates that, in a deterministic regime, fractional-order dispersion does not induce global statistical depolarization, but rather a coherent reorganization of polarimetric dynamics.

Clinically important radiopharmaceutical used in diagnosing and treating neuroendocrine tumors, were studied using density functional theory (DFT) within the Gaussian 09 computational package. Geometric optimization was performed at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d, P) level. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Mulliken distribution of the charged, IR, Raman spectrum, reduced mass, and force constant. The results were verified by analyzing the vibration frequency to confirm its stability as a minimum energy. The analysis revealed the presence of the energy gap (1.9 eV), which provides an insight into the chemical reaction of the molecule and motor stability. The reduced mass between the two atoms (C) and (I), which is equal to 5.8 atomic mass units (amu), is a good match between experimental values ​​and values ​​of vibrational situations that have been studied. The portion of the NMR spectrum (8-6) ppm dates back to the benzene ring, and the region (4.2 - 2.6) ppm, which corresponds to the C-H, shows a stronger shield. These computational results provide valuable information for understanding the molecular basis of iobenguane's biological activity and the efficacy of radioactive materials, supporting future efforts in the rational design of isotopes with enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic performance.                                                       

The reusability of Al2O3:C-based optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) relies on the efficient removal of the stored signal through optical irradiation (bleaching). However, the efficiency of this process exhibits a strong dependence on the wavelength of the stimulating light, directly affecting signal removal and the persistence of residual components. In this study, wavelength-dependent optical bleaching was experimentally evaluated in Al2O3:C nanoDot™ dosimeters using LED-based illumination systems with central wavelengths of 463 nm and 516 nm. The optical systems consisted of 3 W LEDs arranged in a 5 × 2 matrix configuration. The irradiance at the dosimeter position was estimated as 587.7 mW cm−2 for the 463 nm module and 457.7 mW cm−2 for the 516 nm module. The dosimeters were irradiated with a 6 MV photon beam at doses of 0.25, 1, 2, and 3 Gy. Subsequently, they were subjected to successive optical irradiation cycles consisting of 5 min intervals, with intermediate signal readouts after each stage, up to a cumulative time of 50 min. Luminescence signals were acquired using a microStar reader. The results showed a clear dependence of bleaching efficiency on irradiation wavelength. The 463 nm light produced a faster signal reduction than 516 nm, demonstrating higher bleaching efficiency. However, in both cases, a residual signal component was observed, suggesting incomplete emptying of deep traps under the evaluated experimental conditions. These findings highlight the importance of wavelength selection for optimizing bleaching protocols and for the reuse of Al2O3:C dosimeters in radiation dosimetry applications, particularly in terms of reproducibility and dosimetric reliability.

In recent years, climate change has caused certain variations in the environment and in humans, such as increased solar radiation, which can have a negative impact if exposure is prolonged. This study analyzes biological samples before and after being subjected to ultraviolet (UV) radiation using non-invasive laser interferometry. The out-of-plane interferometer optical configuration used allows displacement to be measured in the z-direction, i.e. along the direction of observation. The results display representative fringe patterns, as well as displacement maps of the samples under study, showing the changes produced by their exposure to ultraviolet radiation. As the sample was subjected to longer periods of UV radiation, it tended to become stiffer, producing changes in the displacement maps. This study makes it possible to obtain information about some mechanical changes that may occur to the sample in the near future.

The present paper employs first-principles calculations based on density functional theory to investigate the structural, electronic, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of KMgP in the wurtzite LiGaGe-type phase. The thermodynamical, mechanical and dynamical stability of the compound are confirmed through the formation energy, elastic coefficients and phonon spectrum, respectively. Our results reveal that wurtzite KMgP is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 1.25 eV within the local-density approximation. We use the Berry-phase approach to evaluate the polarization properties inherent to the polar structure of KMgP, yielding a spontaneous polarization of 0.385 C/m² and Born effective charges near their nominal ionic values. The ferroelectric nature of the material is demonstrated by the characteristic double-well potential associated with Ising-type polarization reversal. With a high Curie temperature (385.32 K) and low switching energy barrier (0.0568 eV) and coercive electric field (2.78 MV/cm), we predict that wurtzite KMgP possesses highly reversible polarization, making it as a promising candidate for novel ferroelectric applications. Moreover, we find that KMgP is an anomalous piezoelectric compound with a negative longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (modulus) of  ( ). 

One of the primary challenges in the application of metallic nanoparticles is achieving colloidal stability during the functionalization and conjugation processes. In this study we propose a protocol of stabilization, functionalization and conjugation for three types of metallic morphologies: Gold nanospheres, gold nanostars and gold nanorods; as well as for fluoride nanoparticles. This research serves as a foundation for future studies involving FRET-based sensing using Ytterbium and erbium-codoped sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF 4 : Yb, Er) and gold nanoparticles. The procedure involves the removal of a cytotoxic surfactant, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), as well as a ligand exchange of sodium citrate with 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) for better colloidal stability. In this study it is shown that the most important parameter for colloidal stabilization is pH control of the solution, and that is needed to optimize the time of interaction, and reagent concentration in ligand exchange for better results. With the proper adjustments in functionalization and conjugation, this procedure could be generalized to any type of nanoparticle, but further experiments are needed.

Arsenene, a two-dimensional pnictogen, has attracted interest due to its potential for next-generation nanoelectronics. In this work, we investigate the structural, electronic, and magnetic responses of germanium (Ge) doped arsenene over a concentration range from 2.0% to 12.5%. First-principles density functional theory calculations, incorporating spin polarization and fully relativistic spin-orbit coupling (SOC), reveal a tunability of the ground state driven by defect concentration. At high doping levels, inter-defect interactions induce a non-magnetic, semimetallic state. Conversely, diluting the Ge concentration spatially isolates the impurities, restoring a semiconducting behavior with a tunable bandgap up to 0.301 eV. The inclusion of SOC demonstrates that spatial confinement alters carrier dynamics, bifurcating the valence band into high-mobility light-hole and localized heavy-hole flat bands, creating a distinct dual-channel transport mechanism. Furthermore, in the diluted regime, the uncompensated spin of the Ge substitution induces a localized magnetic moment of $1.0 \, \mu_B$. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of controlled Ge doping to tailor the intrinsic properties of arsenene, providing fundamental theoretical insights for the design of 2D field-effect transistors and spintronic devices.

We present the analysis of small-scale structure in Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM) halos, separating the problem into two complementary parts. First, we characterize density fluctuations by decomposing the field into a smooth, spherically averaged core–halo model and a residual that isolates the interference pattern seen in these halos. The power spectrum of this residual shows a well-defined peak, clearly separated from that of the total and model densities, allowing us to identify the characteristic scale of the granules that dominate the halo. Second, we compute a local de Broglie wavelength directly from the velocity field obtained from the wavefunction. By constructing radial profiles, we show that λdB depends strongly on position and displays a non-monotonic behavior, reaching a minimum at the transition between the solitonic core and the outer halo. Taken together, these results establish a direct and quantitative connection between the spectral properties of density fluctuations and the velocity field within the structure. In particular, we find that the smallest effective wavelength, and therefore the highest characteristic velocities, is located at the core-halo transition sphere. Our analysis provides a picture of the granular structure in FDM halos and its relation to the core-halo morphology.

Los efluentes industriales que contienen colorantes sintéticos representan una de las fuentes más persistentes de contaminación de aguas superficiales, principalmente porque los procesos de tratamiento convencionales no logran su eliminación completa. En este trabajo, evaluamos la eficiencia de degradación de un sistema de plasma a presión atmosférica no térmico (NTAPP) para el colorante Azul Ácido 9 (AB9), utilizando FeSO₄ como aditivo catalítico en concentraciones que van de 0,2 a 1,0 mM. La degradación se monitorizó mediante absorbancia UV-Vis a 630 nm, y se registraron los parámetros fisicoquímicos de la solución: pH, conductividad eléctrica, salinidad, sólidos disueltos totales (TDS) y temperatura de la solución a lo largo del tratamiento. Después de 30 minutos de exposición al plasma, se logró una decoloración casi completa, observándose un rendimiento catalítico óptimo a 0,6 mM de FeSO₄ . La degradación mejorada a esta concentración es consistente con un mecanismo tipo Fenton, en el que los iones Fe²⁺ reaccionan con el H₂O₂ generado por el plasma para producir radicales OH adicionales. El análisis de COT confirmó una eficiencia de mineralización del colorante superior al 90 %. Estos resultados demuestran el potencial del NTAPP intensificado catalíticamente como una estrategia eficaz para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con colorantes.

This work presents a comprehensive ab initio investigation of the structural, electronic, elastic, and optical properties of aluminum doped zinc oxide (Zn 1-x Al x O) using the DFT+ U framework. A realistic 2×2×2 supercell model is employed to simulate substitutional doping at various Al concentrations (up to 25%). The results reveal a systematic reduction in band gap energy, reaching 2.216 eV at the highest doping level, which reflects enhanced electrical conductivity. Density of states analysis highlights the emergence of Al-3p states near the conduction band, contributing to donor-like behavior and supporting n-type conductivity. The elastic properties show a progressive decrease in stiffness and an increase in anisotropy with Al content, indicating mechanical softening of the ZnO matrix. Optically, the doped systems exhibit improved transparency, a blue shift in the absorption edge, and modulation of the dielectric response, consistent with the Burstein Moss effect. These findings suggest that Al doping significantly tailors the multifunctional behavior of ZnO, making it a promising candidate for transparent conducting electrodes, optoelectronic components, and sensor technologies. The theoretical insights presented herein provide useful guidelines for experimental optimization of Al doped ZnO-based materials.

Brain--Computer Interfaces (BCIs) establish communication pathways between brain activity and external devices through the analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. In this work, we present a methodology for classifying cognitive states associated with left- and right-hand motor imagery using recordings from Dataset IIa of the BCI Competition IV. EEG signals were band-pass filtered in the 8--30 Hz frequency range, processed using Common Spatial Patterns (CSP), and classified with a linear Support Vector Machine (SVM). The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 0.717, a Cohen's κ coefficient of 0.432, and an F1-score of 0.748. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the CSP--SVM framework for motor imagery classification and support its application in BCI systems aimed at neurorehabilitation, neurofeedback, and assistive technologies

Beam monitoring detectors play a crucial role in experimental control and radiological protection by enabling real-time characterization and stabilization of particle or photon beams. They provide essential information on beam intensity, position, and scattering, helping to ensure measurement accuracy and prevent damage to sensitive detectors, while also contributing to radiation safety by quantifying stray radiation.
  In this work, a Geant4 simulation of an X-ray beam monitoring detector (BMD) composed of six hexagonal BC404 plastic scintillators was developed to improve granularity. The intrinsic time resolution was measured to be 203.2$\pm$4.0 ps, and simulations estimated that only about 10% of the beam photons interact with the BMD. The X-ray multiplicity was found to follow an inverse-square dependence on distance.   Additionally, a backscatter study using a water cube showed that approximately 6% of the beam was detected as backscattered radiation. These results potential suitability for X-ray beam characterization with minimal beam perturbation and highlight its potential role in scatter radiation protection.

Se muestra que los desarrollos y resultados del artículo [Rev. Mex. Fís. 62 (2016) 330], donde se estudia el cambio del índice de refracción y el coeficiente de absorción de un sistema formado por puntos cuánticos cilíndricos de GaAs/GaAlAs en presencia de un campo magnético externo, tienen errores, omisiones e incoherencias. La principal incoherencia es que algunas de sus gráficas no se pueden obtener de sus resultados analíticos.

In the present work we are reporting the preparation conditions of GaAs thin films and the technique which was employed to produce films deposited on Ge wafers substrate at constant substrate temperature by thermal evaporation method are described. Also it includes photovoltaic measurements which are presented by current – voltage characteristics, photocurrent, short – circuit, open – circuit voltage of GaAs/Ge heterojunction, at room temperature and different annealing temperatures have been measured. All the samples were prepared under constant conditions (pressure, substrate temperature and rate of deposition); the main parameters that control the nature of the film properties are thickness (0.4, 0.7, 1.0 and 1.5) μm and annealing temperature (473 and 523) K. The dark current decreases with increasing of thickness; whereas increases slightly with increasing of annealing temperatures. Under illumination, the photocurrent increases with increasing of annealing temperatures and decreases with increasing of thickness except at thickness equal to 1.5m. There is a linear increasing in the first part of the relation between Isc and Voc with incident power intensity and then the saturation region appeared. The Isc and Voc decrease with increasing of thickness, while increase with increase of annealing temperatures.

Los sensores ópticos interferométricos tienen múltiples ventajas entres las cuales destaca la inmunidad a la interferencia electromagnética, altas sensibilidades, sensibles a múltiples parámetros, fácil fabricación, entre otras. Para este tipo de sensores su principal limitación es la ambigüedad 2π la cual limita sus rangos de operación. En este trabajo se propone el uso de regresión multilineal simple basada en componentes principales del kernel como datos de entrada para estimar el valor del parámetro físico en un amplio rango de medición de un sensor óptico interferométrico. Con este método primero se obtienen las componentes principales de los atributos transformados y luego se aplica regresión multilineal. La transformación de los datos es por medio de funciones kernel (polinomial y Gaussiano) y se aplica con la finalidad de encontrar relaciones lineales entre los datos de entrada y la variable de salida. Las características fueron amplitudes de los picos y posiciones en longitud de onda de los picos del espectro de interferencia del sensor interferométrico. El método fue probado con señales experimentales de un sensor óptico interferométrico sensible a la temperatura basado en tres capas de distintos materiales. La raíz del error cuadrático medio alcanzado con la función de núcleo Gaussiano y 50 componentes principales fue de 0.001◦C para el rango de medición de 0−58◦C.
Interferometric optical sensors have multiple advantages, among which the following stand out, immunity to electromagnetic interference, high sensitivities, sensitivity to multiple parameters, easy manufacturing, among others. The main limitation of this type of sensor is the ambiguity of 2π, which limits its operating ranges. In this work, the use of multilinear regression based on kernel principal components as input features to estimate the value of a physical parameter over a wide measurement range of an interferometric optical sensor is proposed. With this method, the principal components of the transformed features are first obtained, and then simple multilinear regression is applied. Data transformation is performed using kernel functions (polynomial and Gaussian) and is applied to find linear relationships between the input data (features) and the output variable. The features were peak amplitudes and wavelength positions of the peaks of the interference spectrum of the interferometric sensor. The method was tested with experimental spectra from a temperature-sensitive interferometric optical sensor based on three layers of different materials. The root mean square error achieved with the Gaussian kernel function and 50 principal components was 0.001 o C for the measurement range from 0−58 o C.

We present a reproducible benchmark study on inverse parameter estimation in two Newtonian systems from trajectory data: a damped oscillator and projectile motion with drag. Beyond the standard exact-model setting, the manuscript introduces four stress scenarios that are decisive for publication-level assessment: partial observability, unknown initial conditions, sparse sampling, and model mismatch. Recoverability is quantified by median relative parameter error, while local identifiability is examined through cost surfaces and parameter-correlation structure. In the exact-model benchmark, Levenberg–Marquardt, Nelder–Mead and differential evolution reach similarly small errors, but their computational costs differ by more than one order of magnitude. The central contribution of the article is not merely to show that parameters can be recovered under favorable synthetic conditions, but to delimit where recovery remains reliable and where it deteriorates. The results show a recoverability frontier controlled jointly by noise level, sampling step, observability and model adequacy. Model mismatch produces systematic bias even when visual trajectory fitting remains acceptable, highlighting the difference between good reconstruction and trustworthy inference. These findings strengthen the use of synthetic Newtonian benchmarks as rigorous testbeds for computational physics, inverse problems and future experimental identification studies.

La geometría fractal ofrece un marco alternativo para describir la complejidad de las estructuras irregulares del cuerpo humano y, en paralelo, ha motivado el desarrollo de antenas que explotan la auto-semejanza para mejorar su desempeño. En particular, las antenas prefractales derivadas de configuraciones como el triángulo de Sierpinski permiten la miniaturización del radiador, la operación multibanda y un control más preciso de la directividad de radiación, lo cual resulta especialmente atractivo en aplicaciones médicas donde el espacio es limitado y las frecuencias de operación son críticas. Esta revisión examina los fundamentos de la dimensión fractal y su relación con la respuesta en frecuencia de las antenas, y posteriormente recorre el estado del arte de aplicaciones médicas recientes, incluyendo la detección de cáncer de piel y mama, sistemas de telemetría implantable, electrónica flexible tipo “tatuaje” y bobinas fractales para técnicas avanzadas de imagen. Se discuten ventajas prácticas reportadas, tales como miniaturización, comportamiento multibanda, mejora de la ganancia y la eficiencia, capacidad de relleno de espacio y reducción del acoplamiento no deseado, junto con desafíos asociados a la fabricación a microescala, las pérdidas en tejido, las restricciones de tasa de absorción específica (SAR) y la biocompatibilidad de los materiales. Finalmente, la revisión resume los criterios de diseño y simulación electromagnética más utilizados, basados en las ecuaciones de Maxwell, las funciones de Green y el análisis de directividad. Además, plantea líneas de investigación abiertas orientadas a traducir las antenas prefractales de prototipos de laboratorio a dispositivos médicos robustos y clínicamente viables.
Fractal geometry provides an alternative framework for describing the complexity of irregular human body structures and, in parallel, has motivated the development of antennas that exploit self-similarity to enhance their performance. In particular, prefractal antennas derived from configurations such as the Sierpinski triangle enable radiator miniaturization, multiband operation, and more precise control of radiation directivity, which is especially attractive in medical applications where space is limited and operating frequencies are critical. This review examines the fundamentals of fractal dimension and its relationship with antenna frequency response, and subsequently surveys the state-of-the-art in recent medical applications, including skin and breast cancer detection, implantable telemetry systems, flexible "tattoo-like" electronics, and fractal coils for advanced imaging techniques. It discusses reported practical advantages, such as miniaturization, multiband behavior, improved gain and efficiency, space-filling capacity, and reduced unwanted coupling, along with challenges associated with microscale fabrication, tissue losses, specific absorption rate (SAR) restrictions, and material biocompatibility. Finally, the review summarizes the most commonly used electromagnetic design and simulation criteria, based on Maxwell’s equations, Green’s functions, and directivity analysis. Additionally, it outlines open research lines aimed at translating prefractal antennas from laboratory prototypes to robust, clinically viable medical devices.

Scattering phase shifts for quantum mechanical potential scattering can be derived directly from the scattering amplitude, bypassing the need to solve the Schrödinger equation explicitly. This can be achieved by numerically integrating the phase equation from the origin to the asymptotic limit. The Phase Function Method (PFM) is considered an effective approach for computing scattering phase shifts in quantum mechanics. The Phase Function Method (PFM) is applied to analyze the Pöschl–Teller potential along with spin-orbit interactions. The strategy includes employing a five-parameter potential model to fit the calculated scattering phase shift curves to the established data for elastic scattering phase shifts. Numerical scattering phase shifts for nucleon-nucleon systems align well with prior research results.

It is known that, under the presence of a static external magnetic field, an electromagnetic wave rotates its polarization axes when transmitted across a single graphene layer. This phenomenon is a direct consequence of the anisotropic optical conductivity arising from the tight-charger carrier interaction in graphene due to the magnetic field.
Here, we report a study of Faraday rotation and ellipticity of the transmitted electromagnetic field across a graphene monolayer under uniform applied strain. Assuming the graphene layer is surrounded by two different semi-infinite dielectric media, the transmitted coefficient is derived as a function of the anisotropic optical conductivity. The strain not only changes the electronic band structure but also can be employed to tune the electronic collective excitations (magnetoplasmons) and thus the optical properties of graphene monolayers. Because both strain and magnetic field induce highly anisotropy in graphene optical conductivity, the strain-dependent amplitude and orientation play an important role in manipulating the variation of Faraday rotation angles and ellipticity in magneto-optical devices.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans can be used to investigate the pathogenesis of
neurological disorders and diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. PET scans use positron
to resolve an image of the internal biochemical process occurring inside the body,i.e, ionization cross
sections. Knowledge of ionization cross sections for atoms is evidently crucial in PET technology.
We will discuss some recent developments of the scaled Born positron (SBP) method for ionization
of atoms. The SBP method was originally proposed for electronic excitations of atoms (J.L.S.
Lino, Chin.J.Phys. 54 (2016) 504). First Born approximation (FBA) and the atomic orbital
wavefunctions have been approximated by Roothaan-Hartree-Fock, and the scattered positron
and ejected electron have been approximated by a plane wave and Coulomb wave as proposed by
Barlett et al (Atomic Data Tables 86 (2004) 235). It is shown that the FBA combined with an
analytical and elaborate factor results in a efficiency method when compared with the sophisticate
and traditional binary-encounter-dipole (BED) model. Results of ionization cross sections of H,
He, Ne, and C atom using the new representation are presented to illustrate the applicability of
the improved SBP method.
 

The Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) and Atangana-Baleanu (AB) derivatives, were proposed as alternatives to the usual Caputo and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives. The advantage of CF and AB derivatives is that they are defined in terms of non-singular kernels, such as the exponential function and the Mittag-Leffler function, respectively. However, the use and application of fractional derivatives with non-singular kernels has resulted in many models in terms of fractional differential equations that do not comply with the principle of dimensional homogeneity and therefore their solutions are not entirely satisfactory. In this work, we propose New Derivatives of the Caputo-Fabrizio (NDCF) and Atangana-Baleanu (NDAB) types, derive their Laplace transforms, and apply them to the solution of an RC circuit as an illustrative example. Furthermore, we confirm that the price to pay for attempting to avoid the singularity of the Caputo derivative is that the initial condition is not satisfied for kernels without singularities. The initial condition depends on the order of the fractional derivative γ and only reduces to the initial condition when γ = 1. To provide a more realistic response, a shift in the dynamic variable was introduced, yielding physical solutions consistent with the dimensionality, the initial condition, and the steady state.

We introduce a simple gauge-invariant spectral diagnostic for Euclidean Yang--Mills backgrounds based on covariant diffusion. Using the gauge-covariant Laplacian $\Delta_A$ , we consider heat-kernel trace observables built from the semigroup $e^{-t\Delta_A}$ and address the infinite-volume divergence through two complementary normalizations: a trace per unit volume in a finite domain followed by the thermodynamic limit, and a relative trace with respect to the trivial background $A=0$ that cancels the leading volume contribution. From these trace observables we define an effective spectral scale via a logarithmic derivative in diffusion time, yielding a mass-like parameter that characterizes the large- $t$ decay of covariant diffusion when the limit exists. In parallel, we outline a diffusion-based spectral-dimension diagnostic and discuss basic invariance and positivity properties of the construction. The framework is formulated in general dimension $d$ and is intended as a clean, continuum starting point for connecting gauge-invariant long-time diffusion behaviour with spectral information of the covariant operator, without discretization or lattice input.

 
Copper degradation in sulfuric acid remains a critical obstacle in many industrial processes due to the aggressive nature of acidic environments. In this study, the corrosion inhibition performance of 5-(5-(4-nitrophenyl)thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione (NPT-OxT) was systematically investigated in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ using a combined experimental and theoretical framework. Weight-loss assays analyzed with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) demonstrated excellent statistical accuracy (R² = 0.999) and identified optimal conditions under which NPT-OxT achieved an inhibition efficiency of 97%. Adsorption thermodynamics indicated a mixed physisorption–chemisorption mechanism, with ΔG ads values ranging from −39.64 to −40.48 kJ·mol⁻¹, confirming spontaneous and strong surface binding. Kinetic assessments further revealed that the apparent activation energy increased markedly from 7.36 kJ·mol⁻¹ in the blank system to 40.38 kJ·mol⁻¹ with inhibitor addition, highlighting the establishment of a durable protective film. SEM analysis corroborated these findings by revealing a transition from a severely damaged surface in uninhibited acid to a smooth, compact morphology in the presence of NPT-OxT, confirming the formation of an adherent inhibitor film on copper. EDX analysis quantitatively confirmed this protective effect, showing a dominant copper peak and suppressed oxygen and sulfur signals in the presence of the inhibitor. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) analyses supported these observations, showing a moderate HOMO–LUMO gap (3.25 eV), a negative ΔN value ( – 0.139 ev), and an electrophilicity index of 3.97 eV, all consistent with efficient charge transfer interactions and strong affinity for copper surfaces. Together, these results demonstrate that NPT-OxT is a potent corrosion inhibitor, providing both mechanistic insights and promising applicability for industrial protection of copper in harsh acidic conditions.

We introduce an optimized protocol of fracture pattern classification using an artificial neural network to identify the solvent involved in the desiccation cracking process of starch-liquid slurries, even after it has been completely evaporated. For this purpose, image analysis techniques were used to characterize patterns obtained from drying suspensions using single solvents (water, ethanol, acetone) and two-component solvents (water-ethanol mixtures at different concentrations). Frequency histograms were generated based on nine morphological features, taking into account their size, shape, geometry and orientational ordering. Subsequently, we used these histograms as input data into artificial neural network variants to determine the set of features that lead to the higher accuracy in solvent identification. We obtained an average accuracy of $96(\pm 1)\%$ considering all solvents in the analysis. The highest accuracy was obtained with sets of features that include the crack area distribution, a parameter typically ignored in the literature. The proposed protocol can help to determine the combination of features that optimize pattern recognition in other fields of science and engineering.

In a bid to establish the impact of the temperature of the calcification on the structural, microstructural or the functional maturation of the nanoparticles, magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were prepared using a methodology that involves controlled coprecipitation technique. The presence of some single phase cubic percales MgO and refinement of the diffraction peaks have been performed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Lorentzian-Gaussian profile analysis of the lines respectively. TheWilliamsonHall (W-H) method gave a valid estimate of changes caused by thermo-contributing to the broadening of the peak by quantitative decoupling of crystallite-size and lattice strain contributions. The above increase in temperature to systematic crystallite growth 5.911 nm, lattice relaxation and strain elimination were observed as well as a decrease in the density of dislocations and an increase in structural coherence. The optimal crystal structure of MgO, as well as concentration of defects and internal stress, was achieved between, as the crystal structure of the MgO improved, the surface activity did not reduce significantly. Further heating above this regime increased grains coalescence and compressive stresses and reduced sites of active surface. The findings are a direct correlation between processingstructure property that explicitly shows that the dynamic of defects and mechanical stability of MgO nanocrystals depends on the precise control of the calcification temperature. The findings give a forecast analysis of designing MgO-based materials to enable catalysis, optical coating, dielectrical apparatus as well as biomedical applications.

This paper studies a Caputo time-fractional version of the modified Kawahara equation, ${}^{C}D_t^\rho u + a u^2 u_x + b u_{xxx} + c u_{xxxxx}=0$, $0<\rho\les 1$, which combines cubic nonlinearity, third- and fifth-order dispersion, and temporal memory. We begin with the corresponding classical equation and derive an exact traveling-wave family in Jacobi elliptic form, $ u(x,t)=A+B\,\cn^2\!\bigl(\kappa(x-\lambda t-\xi_0);m\bigr)$. The solitary-wave profile is then recovered as the limiting case $m\to1$, which yields a $\sech^2$-type wave. Next, these exact classical profiles are transferred to the fractional setting through the memory-adapted time law $g_\rho(t)=\frac{t^\rho}{\Gamma(\rho+1)}$. Because the Caputo derivative does not satisfy the ordinary local chain rule, the resulting fractional traveling profile is interpreted as an explicit approximation rather than an unproved exact solution. A residual identity is derived, and a simple L1 finite-difference scheme is presented to assess the quality of the approximation numerically. The analysis provides a structured bridge between exact classical wave theory and residual-validated fractional-wave modeling.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) with secondary doping has been widely researched as a hole transport layer in solar cells because secondary doping can provide conformational change and improve the properties of PEDOT: PSS. PEDOT: PSS is doped with graphene oxide (GO) to form PEDOT: GO solution, then, sodium hydroxide is added into the acidic PEDOT: GO solution to study the pH effect. The HRTEM result indicates the formation of PEDOT: GO. Besides, the two-point probe results show that both acidic and basic PEDOT: GO is more conductive than PEDOT: PSS and GO alone. This was due to the transformation of benzoid structure to quinoid structure which has been supported by the lower d-spacings of acidic PEDOT: GO (3.48 Å) and basic PEDOT: GO (3.44Å) compared to PEDOT: PSS (3.56Å) in the XRD result. Other than that, the UV-Vis absorbance result shows that the PSS chain absorbance peak in basic PEDOT: GO is around 13% lower than that in acidic PEDOT: GO, indicating better replacement of insulating PSS chain and more successful formation of PEDOT: GO. In the EDX results, the basic PEDOT: GO shows higher oxygen content (93.34%) than acidic PEDOT: GO (44.58%) due to the increase of hydroxyl groups of GO in basic conditions caused by NaOH. Besides, the average resistance values of the basic PEDOT: GO and acidic PEDOT: GO layers are 3.72E+10 Ω and 1.30E+10 Ω, respectively. The Na+ ion in NaOH resulted in the damages of unreacted PEDOT: PSS, making the basic PEDOT: GO sample more electrically resistant than the acidic PEDOT: GO sample. Despite some of the adverse effects of basic PEDOT: GO, it shows the lowest surface roughness (Rq: 2.52 nm) among all potential HTLs investigated, indicating the best deposition on glass and wettability.

In this work, we investigated the fundamental electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of NaCl$_7$, an uncommon sodium chloride stoichiometry, using density functional theory (DFT) with the LSDA+mBJ approach in the Wien2k package. Our research represents a pioneering exploration of NaCl$_7$'s semiconducting nature in the Pm-3 phase, achieved without the application of external stress. Meanwhile, previous studies have predominantly focused on the high-pressure behavior of various Na$_m$Cl$_n$ configurations, particularly their metallization under extreme pressures. Here, electronic-structure calculations reveal that NaCl$_7$ behaves as a p-type semiconductor with a band gap of 1.198 eV. We also analyzed various optical properties, including the absorption coefficient, electron energy-loss function, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric tensor and the optical conductivity. NaCl$_7$ exhibits promising absorption characteristics within the UV-visible spectrum. Furthermore, we investigated the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, electronic thermal conductivity, figure of merit, electronic specific heat, and Pauli magnetic susceptibility.

To analyze the temporal behavior of a fission nuclear reactor, the system of differential equations known as modified point kinetics has been widely used. It is well-known that the stability of the system depends on reactivity. Therefore, it is of interest to model different situations that may occur in a nuclear reactor. From the modified point kinetics equations, which is a set of two ordinary differential equations, a set of three first-order coupled linear equations can be constructed by taking an appropriate variable change. Taking reactivity ρ = ρ(x) as a variable parameter, we perform a stability analysis using the theory of dynamical systems. Furthermore, considering a more general case by taking the reactivity ρ = ρ(x, t) depending on time, the set of differential equations become nonlinear and nonautonomous, To determine the asymptotic stability of solutions for the system, a Lyapunov function V (x, t) is constructed, and also particular cases of reactivity ρ(x, t) are analyzed using the Kosambi Cartan Chern theory.

Using functional density theory within the framework of the FP-LAPW method within the generalized gradient approximation, based on Perdew 2008 functional GGA-PBEsol, spin-polarized density functional theory calculations were used to study the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of the quaternary chalcogenide CuMnInSe3 crystal. The available experimental data and the computed equilibrium structural parameters agree well. Based on the examination of the spin-polarized band structures and density of states, we predict be half-metallic character of the examined compound, with a total magnetic moment of 6μB per unit-cell and a gap of 0.644eV. We noticed that the electronic structure is better described when the electronic exchange-correlation is included using the Tran-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson (TB-mBJ) potential and adopted to compute accurately the band gap of the compound, where an indirect band gap (X - Γ) of 1.546eV is obtained.
 The optical properties were predicted and the spectra of the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity, the reflectivity function, and the absorption coefficient, were analyzed. These calculations indicate that   this material could be a good ultraviolet sensor.

We propose a novel diagnostic framework to probe emergent structural behavior in finite quantum systems by applying the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) distance to Fisher information profiles. Using an exactly solvable fermionic SU(2) model with a spin-flip interaction, we study the competition between symmetric Dicke-like states and low-spin configurations, modulated by interaction strength V , particle number N, and inverse temperature β. We compute the Fisher information FN(V, β) for varying N, and evaluate its KS distance from the N = 2 reference case. This nonparametric distance captures the global dissimilarity of sensitivity curves. It reveals a sharp decline for V ≳ 1, signaling a crossover from finite-size dominated behavior to collective thermal coherence. At weak coupling, the KS distance remains large, indicating persistent structural sensitivity to finite-size fluctuations. Our results establish the KS distance as a sensitive and interpretable tool for tracking the onset of macroscopic stability and information redundancy in quantum thermodynamic systems. The observed suppression of Hilbert space dimensionality provides a clear thermodynamic signature of emergent collectivity. I

Numerous everyday goods, including fabrics, electrical appliances, vehicles, and airplanes, are currently undergoing extensive testing and inspection for their flammability features. By lowering the total fire risk associated with the use of highly flammable raw materials in goods such as textiles, apparel, composites, and plastics, flame retardants perform a critical protective role in preserving lives and property. In this study, kaolin and epoxy were used to prepare a nanocomposite flame retardant. The used kaolin was tested by X-ray diffraction and (AFM) tests. The results showed that the powders possess multi-phases and also have a mean grain size of (38 nm) and root mean square (RMS) of (12.25). Also, the energy dispersive (XRD) spectroscopy analysis (EDX) showed that the presence of the essential elements of these powders was accurate and clear. The nanocomposites were prepared by mixing the kaolin nanopowder with the epoxy resin by weight percentages of (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%). To determine the efficiency of these additives in flame retardant and to increase the combustion resistance of epoxy resin, different methods of measurement were used according to ASTM; average time of burning, average extent of burning, rate of burning, limiting oxygen index, maximum flame height and residue percentage succeeding combustion. Based flame retardant is commercially successful and they are more environmentally friendly as compared to halogenated and non-halogenated inorganic or organic types and they are being applied suitably with a cross-inker and/or binder copolymer that makes the FRs more resistant to common weathering conditions and exposures. They also produce less or no obnoxious gases while burning.

This study explores the pressure-dependent structural, elastic, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of the half-Heusler alloy CrZrAs through first-principles calculations based on DFT within the PBE-GGA using the WIEN2k code. Five possible atomic configurations were analyzed, with Type II identified as the most energetically favorable in the ferromagnetic state, underscoring the stabilizing influence of spin polarization on the ground-state structure. Energy–volume trends reveal small energetic separations among competing configurations, suggesting that external stimuli such as pressure or doping could trigger structural rearrangements. Electronic structure analysis confirms the half-metallic nature of CrZrAs, characterized by an indirect bandgap in the majority spin channel, metallic conduction in the minority channel, and a total magnetic moment of 3.00 μ B per formula unit in line with the Slater–Pauling rule. Elastic constants validate its mechanical stability, ductility, and anisotropic response, supported by Pugh’s ratio, Poisson’s coefficient, and positive Cauchy pressure values. Optical investigations across 0–20 eV reveal moderate absorption coefficients, distinctive dielectric peaks from interband transitions, and favorable refractive and energy-loss behavior, indicating potential for optoelectronic integration. Increasing hydrostatic pressure contracts, the lattice, strengthens Cr–Zr orbital hybridization, narrows the electronic bandgap, shifts the Fermi level, and progressively diminishes the magnetic moment, eventually suppressing half-metallicity under extreme compression. These findings establish CrZrAs as a structurally robust, elastically adaptable, half-metallic material with promising spintronic and optoelectronic potential, while demonstrating pressure as an effective means to tailor its electronic and magnetic functionalities for advanced device applications.

Fractional calculus is a crucial mathematical tool for understanding complex systems across various fields, such as physics, engineering, and biology. This work delves into the intricate task of computing fractional order derivatives, which typically necessitates numerical methods due to their inherent complexity. We present a comprehensive comparative study of three significant numerical techniques: the Riemann-Liouville, Grunwald-Letnikov, and Caputo derivatives. The study begins with a thorough examination of fractional order derivatives, highlighting their fundamental importance in modern scientific research. We investigate basic transcendental functions—sine, cosine, and exponential—due to their vital role in modeling real-world systems. Our research reveals the complex relationship between sensitivity and precision by consistently computing fractional derivatives across various orders. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is employed for statistical validation to enhance the credibility of our findings, demonstrating that fractional derivatives can reliably represent underlying data patterns. Consequently, this study significantly advances our understanding of fractional order derivatives and underscores the importance of carefully handling fractional orders in diverse applications. These findings support the reliability of data analytics and deepen our comprehension of the behavior of complex systems. An important application of this work lies in the modeling and control of viscoelastic materials, where fractional calculus provides a powerful framework for accurately capturing memory-dependent behaviors and complex stress-strain relationships.