Un modelo térmico para la estimación de la temperatura interior en viviendas rurales de Michoacán, México
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31349/RevMexFis.72.041701Keywords:
aerial thermography, thermal comfort, housing, thermal model, ruralAbstract
En la actualidad existe un interés creciente en mejorar la eficiencia térmica de las viviendas y edificios, siendo importante el desarrollo de modelos que analicen el comportamiento térmico de estos inmuebles y sugieran mejoras para optimizar el confort en la infraestructura habitacional. En este trabajo se desarrolló un modelo térmico que permite la estimación de la temperatura interior en viviendas rurales del estado de Michoacán mediante el método de analogías eléctricas. La metodología propuesta se basa en tres etapas: (a) la formulación de un modelo a partir de un sistema de circuito eléctrico que se fundamenta en principios físicos a través de la transferencia de calor y el balance de energía de un sistema de vivienda cúbica simple, donde se han utilizado las propiedades térmicas del techo, como la conductividad, el área, el espesor y la densidad; (b) el análisis del comportamiento térmico de tres tipos de viviendas con piso de cemento, muros de ladrillo de arcilla cocida y techos variables de cemento, lámina de asbesto y láminas de cartón negro, en cuyo caso se han registrado las temperaturas internas mediante termómetros ambientales, y externa mediante termopares y termografía aérea; y (c) la validación del modelo a través de la comparación de las temperaturas máximas y mínimas por día en las viviendas analizadas, contrastando las predicciones del modelo con los datos experimentales. Los resultados muestran que el modelo térmico es funcional. Se probó en distintas viviendas durante los meses de marzo y abril de 2024, obteniendo un error relativo absoluto medio porcentual del 4% respecto a la temperatura real de la vivienda. En los casos con mayores fluctuaciones climatológicas y de variación de temperaturas en los techos de las viviendas estudiadas, se observaron errores menores al 10%. Las temperaturas exteriores de los techos de las viviendas, como condición de frontera del modelo, pueden estimarse mediante tomografía aérea, lo que permite predecir, mediante técnicas de medición no invasivas, las temperaturas interiores de los tipos de viviendas analizadas con errores aceptables. Se espera que esta herramienta pueda utilizarse en el diagnóstico de materiales y la formulación de estrategias que promuevan la mejora de habitaciones para incentivar el confort térmico en comunidades rurales.
Currently, there is growing interest in improving the thermal efficiency of homes and buildings. It is important to develop models that analyze the thermal behavior of these buildings and suggest improvements to optimize comfort in housing infrastructure. In this work, a thermal model was developed that allows for the estimation of indoor temperatures in rural homes in the state of Michoacán using the electrical analogy method. The proposed methodology is based on three stages: (a) the formulation of a model from an electrical circuit system that is based on physical principles through the heat transfer and energy balance of a simple cubic housing system, where the thermal properties of the roof have been used, such as conductivity, area, thickness and density (b) the analysis of the thermal behavior of three types of houses with cement floors, baked clay brick walls and variable roofs of cement, asbestos sheets and black cardboard sheets, in which case internal temperatures have been recorded using ambient thermometers, and external temperatures using thermocouples and aerial thermography, and (c) the validation of the model through the comparison of the maximum and minimum temperatures per day in the analyzed houses, contrasting the predictions of the model with the experimental data. The results show that the thermal model is functional. It was tested in different homes during March and April 2024, obtaining an average absolute relative error of 4% with respect to the actual temperature of the home. In cases with greater climatic fluctuations and temperature variations on the roofs of the homes studied, errors were less than 10%. The exterior temperatures of the roofs of the homes, as a boundary condition of the model, can be estimated using aerial tomography, which allows the interior temperatures of the types of homes analyzed to be predicted with acceptable errors through non-invasive measurement techniques. It is expected that this tool can be used in the diagnosis of materials and the formulation of strategies that promote room improvements to encourage thermal comfort in rural communities.
Downloads
References
J. M. Martínez-Aguilar and E. Bedolla-Arroyo, Transformación de la vivienda tradicional de Michoacán. Problemáticas y acciones de conservación, Revista Legado de Arquitectura y Diseño 16 (2021) 4, https://doi.org/10.36677/legado.v16i30.15849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36677/legado.v16i30.15849
M. L.-F. J. P. Juárez-Sánchez, B. Ramírez-Valverde and G. Ortega-López, Transformación de la vivienda rural Mexicana ante la migración. El caso de una localidad en Puebla, México, Revista de El Colegio de San Luis 8 (2018) 203, https://doi.org/10.21696/rcsl9162018789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21696/rcsl9162018789
S. G. E. C. R. Ettinger McEnulty and J. A. B. Arroyo, Vivienda identidad y migración en Michoacán, Uaricha, Revista De Psicología 2 (2005) 54
C. R. Ettinger, La transformación de la vivienda vernácula en Michoacán: Materialidad, espacio y representación (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2010)
A. R. Rodríguez-Peña, J. E. Velasco-Avalos, Habitabilidad del espacio interior con perspectiva de género: vivienda purépecha de Michoacán vs. vivienda popular de programas asistenciales, Revista Legado de Arquitectura y Diseño 12 (2017) 1
H. J. G. Licon, Desempeño térmico y determinación del rango de confort en una vivienda tradicional de adobe en Zopoco, Michoacán, México, Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal 2 (2007) 31
L. A. R. y. C. I. C. R. Morales Morales, R. Torres Cabrejos, Manual (CISMID, Lima, 1993)
M. Schumacher, Vivienda rural para campesinos, Barrio la Soledad, Estado de México, Ph.D. thesis (2006)
M. González-Torres et al., A review on buildings energy information: Trends, end-uses, fuels and drivers, Energy Reports 8 (2022) 626, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.280
D. Perera, C. F. Pfeiffer, and N.-O. Skeie, Modelling the heat dynamics of a residential building unit: Application to Norwegian buildings, Modeling, Identification and Control 35 (2014) 43, https://doi.org/10.4173/mic.2014.1.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4173/mic.2014.1.4
A. A. y S. V. Szokolay, Thermal Comfort, PLEA: Passive and Low Energy Architecture International in association with Department of Architecture, 2nd ed. (Department of Architecture, The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072, 50 Halimah St, Chapel Hill, 4069, Australia, 2007), pp. 1-68
Y. A. C. y M. A. Boles, Temodinámica, 7th ed. (McGRAW- HILL/ INTERAMERICANA EDITORES, S.A. DE C.V., Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 1015, Torre A Piso 17, Colonia Desarrollo Santa Fe, Delegación Alvaro Obregón, México, D.F., 2011), pp. 1-1041
J. R. Molina, G. Lefebvre, and M. M. Gómez, Study of the thermal comfort and the energy required to achieve it for housing modules in the environment of a high Andean rural area in Peru, Energy and Buildings 281 (2023) 112757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112757
T. Yuan, et al., Outdoor thermal comfort in urban and rural open spaces: A comparative study in China’s cold region, Urban Climate 49 (2023) 101501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101501
S. Perez-Bezos, O. Grijalba, and R. J. Hernandez-Minguillon, Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Perception in Social Housing Context, Environmental and Climate Technologies 27 (2023) 289, https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0022
S. Paraschiv, L. S. Paraschiv, and A. Serban, Increasing the energy efficiency of a building by thermal insulation to reduce the thermal load of the micro-combined cooling, heating and power system, Energy Reports 7 (2021) 286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.07.122
R. Taher, W. A. Abdelkader, and A. A. A. Fahim, Sustainable Building: To Achieve Thermal Comfort in Highly Glazed Buildings Using Smart Glass, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1113 (2022) 012021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1113/1/012021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1113/1/012021
B. Lie, et al., Models for Solar Heating of Buildings (56th International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society SIMS2014, 2014) pp. 1-9, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296025958_Models_for_Solar_Heating_of_Buildings
Y. García et al., Optimizing the indoor thermal behaviour of housing units in hot humid climates: Analysis and modelling of sustainable constructive alternatives, Indoor and Built Environment 28 (2019) 772, https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X18793965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X18793965
T. Berthou, et al., Development and validation of a gray box model to predict thermal behavior of occupied office buildings, Energy and Buildings 74 (2014) 91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.038
P. Bacher and H. Madsen, Identifying suitable models for the heat dynamics of buildings, Energy and Buildings 43 (2011) 1511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.02.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.02.005
H. Bastida et al., Thermal Dynamic Modelling and Temperature Controller Design for a House, Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 2800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.041
F. Muhsin et al., CFD modeling of natural ventilation in a void connected to the living units of multi-storey housing for thermal comfort, Energy and Buildings 144 (2017) 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.035
M. P. y R. Baskar, Evaluation of Indoor Temperature through Roof and Wall Temperatures-An Experimental Study in Hot and Humid Climate, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology 4 (2014) 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.035
A. Agouzoul et al., Using neural network in a model-based predictive control loop to enhance energy performance of buildings, Energy Reports 8 (2022) 1196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.125
A. Y. C. y A. Ghajar, Heat annd Mass trasnfer, 4th ed. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121, 2011), pp. 1-991
J. Calmon, Estudio térmico y tensional en estructuras masivas de hormigón. Aplicación a las presas durante la etapa de construcción., Ph.D. thesis (1995), https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2650.0563
D. G. Z. y M. R. Cullen, Differential Equations with BoundaryValue Problems, 7th ed. (Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan, 2009), p. 613
W. Chen, Differential Operator Method of Finding A Particular Solution to An Ordinary Nonhomogeneous Linear Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients (2018), https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.09343
L. B. López-Sosa et al., Multivariate analysis of materials used in rural housing in Mexico considering sustainability indicators: Towards suitable house construction, Results in Engineering 25 (2025) 103744, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103744
S. Real et al., Contribution of structural lightweight aggregate concrete to the reduction of thermal bridging effect in buildings, Construction and Building Materials 121 (2016) 460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.018
E. M. S. Bamogo, F. Zoma and D. Y. K. Toguyeni, Thermal Characterization of Concrete and Cement Mortar from Construction Sites and Industrial Production Units in the City of Ouagadougou with a View to Standardization in Energy Certification, Engineering 15 (2023) 460, https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2023.156031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2023.156031
A. S. A. y. T. M. O. G. B. Egbeyale, Thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceilings in building, Proceedings of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences 1 (2024) 109, https://doi.org/10.61298/pnspsc.2024.1.109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.61298/pnspsc.2024.1.109
L. Liu, et al., Spontaneous ignition of corrugated cardboard under dynamic high radiant flux, Defence Technology 40 (2024) 65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2024.05.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2024.05.010
I. M. H. Ali y I. Abustan, A new novel index for evaluating model performance, Journal of Natural Resources and Development 4 (2024) 1, https://doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v4i0.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v4i0.01
M. Moctezuma-Sánchez et al., A Thermal Model for Rural Housing in Mexico: Towards the Construction of an Internal Temperature Assessment System Using Aerial Thermography, Buildings 14 (2024), https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103075
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 D. Espinosa-Gómez, M. Moctezuma Sánchez, L. B. López-Sosa, F. Ramírez-Zavaleta, S. L. Hernández Trujillo, I. Golpour

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the Revista Mexicana de Física right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.